Atoms, which are the building blocks of matter, are made up of an atomic nucleus and electrons surrounding it, and the atomic nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons). Protons, neutrons, and the π mesons exchanged between them are called elementary particles, and traditionally they were thought to be the ultimate particles that could not be divided any further. However, as new elementary particles were discovered one after another and their numbers increased, M. Gell-Mann and G. Zweig proposed the theory that these particles are also composites and are composed of even smaller superelementary particles called quarks (quark theory). To date, it is believed that there are six types of quarks. The lightest quarks are called u and d. The charge of a proton is 1 in units of elementary charge e, and that of a neutron is 0, so the charge of the u quark is 2/3 and the charge of the d quark is -1/3. However, all attempts to detect such partial charges have failed. Quarks are thought to immediately transform into mesons and the like and not to exist as individual particles. In other words, quarks exist inside elementary particles but do not come out. This is called quark confinement. Of the six types, only the top quark had not been experimentally confirmed, until 1994, when a joint research group consisting of researchers from Japan, the United States, and Italy confirmed it at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in the United States. → Related topics Fundamental particles | Glashow | Gluon | Atomic theory | Strangeness | Particle theory | Tin | Elementary charge | Hadron | B-factory | Standard model | Richter | Quantum chromodynamics Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
物質の構成要素である原子は,原子核とそのまわりの電子でできており,原子核は陽子と中性子(まとめて核子と総称する)でできている。陽子と中性子およびそれらの間に交換されるπ中間子などは素粒子と呼ばれ,従来はこれ以上分割することのできない究極の粒子と考えられてきた。しかし,新しい素粒子が次々と発見されてその数が増えるとともに,M.ゲル・マン,G.ツワイクはこれらの粒子も複合体であり,さらに小さいクォークと呼ばれる超素粒子で構成されているとする説(クォーク説)を提唱した。現在までにクォークには6種類のものがあると考えられている。クォークのうちもっとも軽いものはuとdと呼ばれる。陽子の電荷が素電荷eを単位にして1,中性子は0であるからuクォークの電荷は2/3,dクォークの電荷は−1/3である。ただし,このようなはんぱの電荷を検出する試みはいずれも失敗した。クォークは直ちに中間子などに転化し,単独の粒子としては存在しないと考えられる。すなわちクォークは素粒子の内部には存在するが,外には出てこない。これをクォークの閉込めという。6種類のうち,トップクォークのみが実験的に確認されていなかったが,1994年,日・米・伊を中心とする共同研究グループが米国のフェルミ国立加速器研究所で確認した。 →関連項目基本粒子|グラショー|グルーオン|原子論|ストレンジネス|素粒子論|ティン|電気素量|ハドロン|Bファクトリー|標準模型|リヒター|量子色力学 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
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