Air Force - Kuugun (English spelling) air force

Japanese: 空軍 - くうぐん(英語表記)air force
Air Force - Kuugun (English spelling) air force

The name of the military that mainly uses aircraft and missiles in the air or space. It is a service branch that contrasts with the Army and Navy, but because the history of the Air Force as an independent air force is shorter than those of the Army and Navy, it is sometimes used as a general term for the air forces under the organization of the Army and Navy. This is because the scope of the missions assigned to each country's air force is different. In general, the mission of the air force is to achieve air superiority (air supremacy), attack and destroy strategic targets and tactical targets on land and sea, and perform air defense, contributing to the achievement of war objectives and deterring war with that power, but in Russia, the Strategic Rocket Forces and the Homeland Defense Air Force are separate services from the air force, and in the UK, maritime patrols are a mission of the air force rather than the navy. The helicopter forces that support front-line army units and the jurisdiction over air defense missiles differ from country to country, and the scope of the air force's mission differs.

Aircraft first participated in warfare in World War I, when they were part of the army and navy. After the war, the importance of aircraft was recognized, and European countries such as the UK, France, Germany, and Italy established independent air forces. However, the navy's carrier-based aircraft and base defense aircraft were separated into naval air corps. In contrast, Japan and the United States, which have powerful navies and a large naval air force that mainly engages in maritime operations, continued to maintain the principle of division into the army and navy. Strategic air forces were active in World War II, and strategic offensive power took on a completely different meaning than before, especially with the emergence of the nuclear bomb. This led to the United States' air force becoming independent in 1947, and since then, the formation of independent air forces has become the norm around the world. However, maritime nations still maintain naval air corps with considerable manpower, and many armies also possess a considerable number of aircraft for direct support of land warfare. The fact that Russia, which has a powerful army, does not have an army air force is an exception, and it could even be said to indicate the subordination of the air force (front-line air forces) to the army.

The operational forces of the Air Force are divided into (1) strategic air forces, (2) tactical air forces, (3) air defense forces, and (4) airlift forces, and typically also have supporting forces such as (1) flight training units, (2) technical training units, (3) technological development and testing units, (4) communications and control units, and (5) supply units. The Navy's air forces include (1) carrier strike forces, (2) patrol and anti-submarine forces, and (3) landing support units, while the Army's air forces include (1) command and liaison units, (2) front-line direct cooperation and attack units, and (3) transport and heliborne support units. As mentioned above, some of the functions of the Navy and Army's air forces are included in the Air Force's units, depending on the country.

Strategic air forces include large strategic bombers, long-range strategic reconnaissance aircraft, aerial refueling aircraft to support them, and large ballistic missiles (ICBMs, IRBMs) for strategic nuclear attacks. Recently, countries other than the United States and Russia have tended to shift the focus of their strategic offensive power to ballistic missiles and abolish large bombers, but the United States and Russia (and China as well) seem to be planning to maintain the three pillars of their strategic offensive power - intercontinental ballistic missiles, manned bombers, and naval submarine-launched ballistic missiles - in the future. However, in the former Soviet Union, the strategic ballistic missile force was separated in 1959 and made into an independent service called the Strategic Rocket Forces. In addition to strategic reconnaissance aircraft, airborne radar early warning aircraft and special aircraft for command and control have also become major models in recent years.

Tactical aviation units are composed of fighter aircraft, fighter bombers, attack aircraft, tactical reconnaissance aircraft, observation aircraft, air tactical control aircraft, rescue aircraft, etc. for air superiority over the battlefield, and usually also have transport aircraft under their command to support operations in the theater. Their main purpose is to attack tactical targets using conventional and nuclear bombs, and to cooperate with land and sea operations. In Russia, they are called frontline aviation units and are assigned to each military district on the ground. Recent trends have seen them being equipped with dedicated counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft in preparation for local guerrilla warfare, and with an emphasis on electronic warfare aircraft for electronic reconnaissance and electronic jamming.

Air defense forces use air defense fighter jets and surface-to-air missiles to intercept incoming aircraft, so radar warning and control/command facilities are also important components of the unit. Recently, their scope has been expanded beyond the atmosphere, and they also have functions such as early warning and detection of ballistic missiles using artificial satellites, tracking enemy reconnaissance satellites, and intercepting satellites and ballistic missiles. In 1968, the U.S. Air Force reorganized the former Air Defense Corps into the Space Air Defense Corps, and when this was disbanded in 1977, the manned aircraft air defense function was transferred to the Tactical Air Command and the space surveillance and defense function to the Strategic Air Command. Today, they are divided into strategic and tactical aircraft and ballistic missile corps, each with its own independent headquarters.

The trend in each country is to unify the command and control structure of airlift units and maximize the capabilities of transport aircraft, so they are given the character of a fourth military force that is responsible for the transportation support of all Air Force, Army, and Navy units, and their division into Army, Navy, and theater units is kept to a minimum. For this reason, the airlift of the US Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), the airlift of strategic materials and supplies, and the transportation of airborne units belonging to the Army of each country are all handled by the Air Force's airlift units.

[Kenichi Aoki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

主として航空機およびミサイルを使って、空中ないし宇宙を活動領域とする軍隊の名称。陸軍、海軍と対比する軍種であるが、独立空軍としての歴史がそれらより浅いことから、陸・海軍の編成下にある航空部隊までを総称して使われることもある。これは、各国の空軍が任務として課せられている範囲がそれぞれ相違していることにもよる。一般的には航空優勢(制空権)の獲得、戦略目標や地上・海上の戦術目標の攻撃・破壊、防空などを行って、戦争目的の達成に寄与し、その力によって戦争を抑止するのが空軍の任務であるが、ロシアでは戦略ロケット軍、国土防空軍が空軍と分離した軍種になっているし、イギリスなどでは、洋上哨戒(しょうかい)が海軍ではなくて空軍の任務に入る。前線の陸軍部隊を支援するヘリコプター兵力とか、防空ミサイルの所管とかは各国で異なり、空軍の任務範囲が相違してくる。

 航空機が初めて戦争に参加したのは第一次世界大戦で、当時は陸・海軍の一部であった。大戦後、航空機の重要性が認識されて、イギリス、フランス、ドイツ、イタリアなどヨーロッパ諸国で独立の空軍を創設した。ただ海軍の艦載用機や基地防空用機については、海軍航空隊として分離する形をとった。これに反して日本、アメリカなどは、強大な海軍力をもって海洋作戦を主とする海軍の航空部隊兵力が大きいため、依然として陸・海両軍への分属主義をとったままであった。第二次大戦では戦略航空部隊が活躍し、とくに核爆弾の出現によって戦略攻撃力は従来とまったく違う意味をもつようになった。これを契機にアメリカでも1947年に空軍が独立し、以後独立空軍の編成が世界の大勢になった。ただ海洋国は依然として相当な兵力をもつ海軍航空隊を維持しているし、陸軍も相当数の陸戦直接協力の航空機を保有している国が多い。強大な陸軍兵力をもつロシアが陸軍航空隊をもっていないのは例外で、むしろ空軍(前線航空部隊)の陸軍に対する従属性を示すものともいえるかも知れない。

 空軍の作戦部隊は、(1)戦略航空部隊、(2)戦術航空部隊、(3)防空部隊、(4)空輸部隊に区分され、ほかに支援部隊として、(1)飛行訓練部隊、(2)技術訓練部隊、(3)技術開発・実験部隊、(4)通信・管制部隊、(5)補給部隊などをもつのが通常である。海軍の航空部隊には、(1)空母打撃部隊、(2)哨戒・対潜部隊、(3)上陸支援部隊などがあり、陸軍の航空部隊には、(1)指揮・連絡部隊、(2)前線直接協力・攻撃部隊、(3)輸送・ヘリボーン支援部隊などがある。海・陸軍の航空部隊の機能の一部が、国によって空軍の部隊に含まれるのは前述のとおりである。

 戦略航空部隊には、大型の戦略爆撃機、長距離用の戦略偵察機、これらを支援する空中給油機、そして戦略核攻撃用の大型弾道ミサイル(ICBM、IRBM)などの各部隊が含まれる。最近はアメリカ、ロシア両国以外は戦略攻撃力の主体を弾道ミサイルに移し、大型爆撃機を廃止する傾向にあるが、米ロ両国(あるいは中国も)は将来とも大陸間弾道ミサイルと有人爆撃機、それに海軍の潜水艦発射弾道ミサイルの三本柱を、戦略攻撃力の中枢として維持する方針のようである。ただし旧ソ連では、戦略弾道ミサイル部隊を1959年から分離し、戦略ロケット軍とよぶ独立軍種にした。また最近は、戦略偵察機のほかに、空中レーダー早期警戒機や、指揮・管制用の特殊機も主要な機種になってきている。

 戦術航空部隊は、戦場制空用の戦闘機、戦闘爆撃機や攻撃機、戦術偵察機、観測機や空中戦術統制機、救難機などの部隊で構成され、戦域作戦支援用の輸送機も指揮下にもつことが通常である。通常爆弾や核爆弾を使っての戦術目標の攻撃、陸・海作戦への協力などを主目的とし、ロシアでは前線航空部隊とよばれて、地上の各軍管区に配属されている。最近の傾向としては、局地のゲリラ戦などに備えて専用の対ゲリラ戦機(COIN機)などを装備したり、電子偵察や電子妨害にあたる電子戦用機などを重視する装備が目だつ。

 防空部隊は、防空戦闘機、地対空ミサイルで来襲機に対する要撃戦闘にあたるため、レーダー警戒、管制・指揮の施設も重要な部隊の構成要素になる。最近はその担当範囲が大気圏外にまで拡大され、人工衛星を使った弾道ミサイル早期警戒・探知、相手の偵察衛星に対する追跡、衛星や弾道ミサイル要撃などの機能ももっている。アメリカ空軍では1968年に従来の防空軍団を宇宙航空防空軍団に改組し、77年にこれが解体されたとき、有人機防空機能を戦術航空軍団に、宇宙監視防衛機能を戦略航空軍団に移したが、今日では戦略・戦術作戦機と弾道ミサイルの軍団に分割し、おのおのが独立した司令部を有している。

 空輸部隊は、指揮・管理機構を一元化し、輸送機の能力を最大限に発揮させようとするのが各国の傾向で、空軍、陸軍、海軍の全部隊の輸送支援を一括担当する第四軍的な性格をもたせており、陸・海軍や戦域部隊への分属は最小限にとどめている。このため、アメリカの緊急展開軍(RDF)の空輸とか、戦略物資や補給物品の空輸、各国で陸軍に所属する空挺(くうてい)部隊の輸送などは、すべて空軍の空輸部隊の担任になっている。

[青木謙知]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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