…However, while these nomads coexisted with rural society and cooperated with the state system, they were always in danger of becoming plunderers of rural areas and pilgrims to Mecca if central power weakened. Social classes were divided into the ruling class (khāṣṣa) consisting of the caliph or sultan's family, military personnel, wealthy merchants, and high-ranking officials, and the common people ('āmma) consisting of small and medium-sized merchants, craftsmen, and farmers. In between were Muslim intellectuals (ulama), and after the 11th century when madrasas began to be built in cities, this middle class tended to gradually grow larger. … From [City]…In the mid-15th century, Damascus had 70 haras with populations of over 500, its suburb Salihiyya had 30, and Aleppo had 50 with populations of over 1,000. The city's inhabitants were roughly divided into the khāṣṣa (privileged class) and the 'āmma (common people). The khāṣṣa consisted of the caliph or sultan and his family, Arab and Mamluk military personnel, wealthy merchants, and high-ranking government officials. *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "'āmma" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…しかしこれらの遊牧民は,農村社会と共存し,国家体制に協力する反面,中央権力が弱まれば,ただちに農村やメッカ巡礼の略奪者に転ずる危険性も常に備えていたのである。 社会階層は,カリフやスルタンの一族,軍人,大商人,高級官吏などからなる支配層(ハーッサkhāṣṣa)と,中小の商人や職人,あるいは農民などからなる民衆(アーンマ‘āmma)とに分かれていた。その中間にムスリム知識人(ウラマー)が存在していたが,都市にマドラサが建設され始める11世紀以後は,徐々にこの中間層が厚くなる傾向にあった。… 【都市】より…15世紀半ばのダマスクスには人口500余りのハーラが70,その郊外のサーリヒーヤには30,同じくアレッポには人口1000余りのハーラが50あったと伝えられる。 都市の住民を階層別にみると,大きくハーッサkhāṣṣa(特権層)とアーンマ‘āmma(民衆)とに分かれる。ハーッサはカリフあるいはスルタンとその一族,アラブやマムルークなどの軍人,大商人,高級官吏などからなっていた。… ※「‘āmma」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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