Risk of Damage - Risk of Damage

Japanese: 危険負担 - きけんふたん
Risk of Damage - Risk of Damage

In a bilateral contract such as a sale, if one party's obligation is extinguished due to impossibility of performance due to reasons beyond the fault of the debtor, the question arises as to whether the other party's obligation is also extinguished; this is called the issue of risk bearing. For example, suppose that A and B enter into a sales contract, and A's obligation is extinguished due to impossibility of performance due to reasons beyond the fault of A (such as a house burning down). If B's ​​obligation is also extinguished, then A, the debtor of that obligation, will bear the risk of A's obligation being extinguished due to impossibility of performance. This type of solution is called the debtor principle. On the other hand, if B's ​​obligation continues to exist, then B, the creditor of A's obligation, will bear the risk of A's obligation being extinguished. This type of solution is called the creditor principle.

The Civil Code adopted the debtor principle as a rule, and the creditor principle as an exception. In other words, the risk of impossibility of performance due to reasons not attributable to either party is borne by the debtor (A in the previous example), and other debts are also extinguished. Therefore, the debtor of the debt that is extinguished due to impossibility of performance (A in the previous example) does not have the right to receive counter-performance (Civil Code Article 536, Paragraph 1). However, when the object of the contract is the establishment or transfer of real rights regarding a specific thing, the creditor (B in the previous example) bears the risk, and other debts are not extinguished. Therefore, the debtor of the extinguished debt (A in the previous example) does not lose the right to receive counter-performance (Civil Code Article 534, Paragraph 1). However, in terms of practical function, the exception (specific thing) is more important, and the rationality of the creditor principle is questionable. There is also criticism in academic circles, and there is a strong tendency to limit its scope of application. It goes without saying that the creditor bears the risk in the case of impossibility of performance due to reasons attributable to the creditor.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

売買のような双務契約において、一方の債務が債務者の責に帰することのできない事由で履行不能となって消滅した場合に、他方の債務も消滅するかどうかが問題とされるが、それを危険負担の問題という。たとえば、甲と乙とが売買契約を結び、甲の債務が甲の責めに帰することのできない事由(たとえば、家屋の類焼など)で履行不能となり消滅したとする。もし乙の債務もともに消滅するとすれば、甲の債務が履行不能によって消滅したことの危険は、その債務の債務者である甲が負担することになる。このような解決を債務者主義という。反対に、乙の債務が存続するとすれば、甲の債務が消滅したことの危険は、その債務の債権者である乙が負担することになる。このような解決を債権者主義という。

 民法は原則として債務者主義をとり、例外として債権者主義をとった。すなわち、両当事者の責めに帰することのできない事由による履行不能の場合の危険は、債務者(前例の甲)が負担するものとし、他の債務も消滅するものとした。したがって、履行不能によって消滅した債務の債務者(前例の甲)は反対給付を受ける権利を有しない(民法536条1項)。しかし、契約の目的が特定物に関する物権の設定または移転であるときには、危険は債権者(前例の乙)が負い、他の債務は消滅しないものとした。したがって、消滅した債務の債務者(前例の甲)は反対給付を受ける権利を失わない(同法534条1項)。ただし、実際的機能としては、例外(特定物)のほうが重要であって、債権者主義の合理性については疑問がある。学説上も批判があり、その適用範囲を制限する傾向が強い。なお、債権者の責めに帰すべき事由による履行不能の場合は債権者が負うのはいうまでもない。

[淡路剛久]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Dangerous goods - kikenbutsu

>>:  Danger semicircle

Recommend

Trustee - Kanzainin

(1) Trustee in reorganization A person in charge o...

Kirishima Shrine

Located in Kirishima Taguchi, Kirishima City, Kag...

Kigoma - Kigoma (English spelling)

A port city on Lake Tanganyika in the western par...

Kyusen

[Meaning: the overlapping depths of the earth] The...

Gunnarsson, Gunnar

Born: May 18, 1889, Hryotsdalur [Died] November 21...

Evasion - Saribumi

It is also written as "Kyobun" and is al...

Zhao Mengfu - Cho Mofu

He was a Chinese government official, calligraphe...

Forbidden Forest - Kinrin

…(1) A protected forest that was a special area o...

Ripert, Georges

Born: April 22, 1880, La Ciotat [Died] July 4, 195...

Engelmann, G.

...What broke this stagnation of lithography was ...

industrial waste

...Industries can be broadly divided into three c...

Pleurospermum austriacum (L.) Hoffm.ssp.uralense (Hoffm.) Somm.

A perennial herb of the Apiaceae family that grows...

"Itako Jinku" - Itako Jinku

...In June, when the Japanese irises bloom, there...

Iruki Bridge

...A survey in 1921 counted 143 varieties, which ...

Palmoplantar pustulosis

What is the disease? It is a chronic disease that...