Ataman - Ataman (English spelling) Атаман/Ataman Russian

Japanese: アタマン - あたまん(英語表記)Атаман/Ataman ロシア語
Ataman - Ataman (English spelling) Атаман/Ataman Russian

A word of Turkish origin meaning elder, captain, or representative. In feudal times, it referred to the elected head of a rural community in some areas of Russia and Ukraine. In the case of Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks, it was the name of an elected official. There were divisions such as boyzkovye (military) ataman, who was elected for a limited period of time, nakazny (appointed) ataman for commissioned work, and pakhodny (marching) ataman. In the Don and Yaits Cossacks, the boyzkovye ataman was the captain. In addition, there was the stanichny (Cossack village) ataman, and in the case of the Black Sea Cossacks, the kreny (patrol) ataman. In the Zaporozhye and Zadnovi Cossacks, the captain was called kosheviye (camp) ataman.

In the early 18th century, the imperial government abolished the system of electing the Voickovye Ataman, and replaced it with a system of nomination and approval, and in the 19th century, all the Voickovye Atamans became Nakaznyi Atamans. In Russia and Ukraine, the heads of business artels (unions) and fishermen's unions were also called atamans. After the October Revolution of 1917, White generals called themselves atamans.

[Kimura Hideaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

長老、隊長、代表を意味することばで、語源はトルコ語。封建時代、ロシア、ウクライナの若干の地域の農村共同体の選出首長をさした。ロシア、ウクライナのコサックの場合は選出官職名。期限付きで選出されるボイスコビエ(軍事)・アタマン、委託仕事のためのナカズヌイ(任命)・アタマン、パホドヌイ(行軍)・アタマンなどに分けられる。ドン、ヤイツなどのコサックでは、ボイスコビエ・アタマンが隊長であった。そのほか、スタニチヌイ(コサック村)・アタマン、黒海コサックの場合はクレヌイ(班)・アタマンがあった。ザポロジエとザドゥナウ・コサックでは隊長はコシェビエ(軍営)・アタマンとよばれた。

 18世紀初め帝制政府はボイスコビエ・アタマンの選出制を廃し、指名、承認制とし、19世紀にはすべてのボイスコビエ・アタマンはナカズヌイ・アタマンとなった。ロシアとウクライナでは営業アルテリ(組合)や、漁夫組合の長老もアタマンとよばれた。また、1917年の十月革命後、白軍将軍は自らをアタマンと名のった。

[木村英亮]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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