Pharyngitis - Intoen (English spelling) Pharyngitis

Japanese: 咽頭炎 - いんとうえん(英語表記)Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis - Intoen (English spelling) Pharyngitis

What is the disease?

The pharynx is located at the back of the nasal cavity and oral cavity. Tonsils ( Tonsil ) or palate ( Kogai ) Tonsils, Uvula ( Kogaisui ) (Figure 10) Pharyngitis is inflammation of the pharynx. However, when there is severe inflammation of the palatine tonsils, it is called tonsillitis, a different disease.

There are various types of pharyngitis, broadly Acute pharyngitis ( Qiuquan and the garden ) , Chronic pharyngitis ( Mansei Intent ) , Pharyngeal specific infections ( Infectious disease ) I will explain it in parts.

What is the cause?

Acute pharyngitis can be caused by viral infections such as adenovirus and coxsackievirus, or by group A viruses. Beta-hemolytic streptococci ( Beta-positive ) It is usually caused by bacterial infections such as streptococcus (hemococcus) and influenza bacteria. It can also be caused by physical and chemical irritation from inhaling irritating gases.

Chronic pharyngitis occurs when acute pharyngitis does not heal completely or when the pharynx is chronically irritated by tobacco smoke, alcohol, etc.

Specific pharyngeal infections include chlamydia, syphilis ( Vidox ) Treponema, tuberculosis ( Results ) These infectious diseases are caused by special pathogens such as bacteria and diphtheria bacteria. These infectious diseases have been increasing in recent years due to changes in the social environment, and are becoming a problem.

How symptoms manifest

In acute pharyngitis, pain in the pharynx appears suddenly, along with other general symptoms. Fatigue ( Health test ) In some cases, it may be accompanied by a headache or fever. In the case of a streptococcal infection, a rash may appear all over the body. scarlet fever ( Heat ) It is called chronic pharyngitis. Chronic pharyngitis causes chronic discomfort and a foreign body sensation in the pharynx, and also leads to increased coughing. In the case of special pharyngeal infection, the symptoms are similar to those of ordinary acute and chronic pharyngitis, so it is difficult to distinguish from them based on symptoms alone.

Testing and diagnosis

In many cases, the pharynx is red and the progression of symptoms makes ordinary pharyngitis relatively easy to diagnose.

Sometimes, small blisters or lesions that look like ruptured blisters may be seen along with redness of the pharynx. This is called herpangina and is caused by infection with the Coxsackie virus. If the redness of the pharynx is significant and accompanied by systemic symptoms, streptococcal infection is suspected and a secretion sample is taken for examination. In addition, white lesions or findings that look like mucosal sores may be seen, but in this case, differentiation from special infections or cancer becomes problematic, so a tissue sample may be taken for examination.

Treatment methods

Gargle often to keep the throat clean, and avoid smoking and drinking alcohol to avoid irritation. Antipyretics and analgesics are used to treat pain and fever. Antibiotics are not considered to be of much use unless bacterial infection is clearly present, but in the case of streptococcal infection, they must be used sufficiently to prevent complications.

In the case of specific pharyngeal infections, treatment is given to the specific causative microorganism.

What to do if you notice an illness

If the pain is tolerable, you may gargle and see how it goes. saliva ( Daeki ) If the pain is so severe that you cannot swallow or if you have a fever, you should see a doctor. Peritonsillar abscess ( Tonsil inflammation ) It will be necessary to differentiate this condition from other diseases that require emergency treatment, such as acute epiglottitis, so you should visit an otolaryngologist.

Pharyngeal specific infections are often difficult to distinguish from ordinary pharyngitis through general examinations and tests. If pharyngeal symptoms do not improve, tests for specific infections may be necessary. If there is a possibility that you have come into contact with a pathogen carrier, it is important to inform your doctor.

Kazunari Ichinomiya

Figure 10 Position of the oral cavity and pharynx
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Figure 10 Position of the oral cavity and pharynx


Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

どんな病気か

 咽頭は鼻腔や口腔の奥にある部分で、ここには咽頭扁桃(へんとう)口蓋(こうがい)扁桃、口蓋垂(こうがいすい)などが存在しています(図10)。咽頭炎とは咽頭に起こった炎症のことです。ただし、口蓋扁桃に強い炎症のある場合には、扁桃炎という別の病名で呼んでいます。

 さまざまな咽頭炎がありますが、大きく急性咽頭炎(きゅうせいいんとうえん)慢性咽頭炎(まんせいいんとうえん)咽頭特殊感染症(いんとうとくしゅかんせんしょう)に分けて解説します。

原因は何か

 急性咽頭炎は、アデノウイルス、コクサッキーウイルスなどのウイルス感染や、A群β溶血性連鎖球菌(ベータようけつせいれんさきゅうきん)(溶連菌)、インフルエンザ菌などの細菌の感染によるものが一般的です。刺激性ガスの吸入などによる物理化学的な刺激が原因になることもあります。

 慢性咽頭炎は、急性咽頭炎が治りきらなかったり、たばこの煙、お酒などが慢性的に咽頭を刺激したりすることによって起こります。

 咽頭特殊感染症は、クラミジア、梅毒(ばいどく)トレポネーマ、結核(けっかく)菌、ジフテリア菌などの特殊な病原体が原因です。これらの感染症は社会環境の変化などにより近年増加の傾向にあり、問題になっています。

症状の現れ方

 急性咽頭炎では咽頭の痛みが急激に現れ、そのほか全身倦怠感(けんたいかん)、頭痛、発熱などを伴うこともあります。溶連菌感染の場合、全身に発疹の現れることがあり、猩紅熱(しょうこうねつ)と呼ばれます。慢性咽頭炎では咽頭の不快感、異物感などが慢性的にあり、それに伴って咳払いも増えます。咽頭特殊感染症では、症状は普通の急性・慢性咽頭炎に似ているので、症状だけで鑑別するのは困難です。

検査と診断

 多くの場合、咽頭は発赤し、症状の経過からも、通常の咽頭炎は比較的簡単に診断されます。

 時に、咽頭の発赤とともに小さな水ぶくれや、その破れたような病変がみられることがありますが、これはヘルパンギーナと呼ばれ、コクサッキーウイルスの感染によるものです。咽頭の発赤が著しく、全身症状を伴う場合は溶連菌感染を疑い、分泌物を取って検査します。また、白色の病変や、粘膜のただれたような所見のあることもありますが、この場合には特殊感染症やがんとの鑑別が問題になるため、組織を一部採取して調べることもあります。

治療の方法

 よくうがいをして咽頭を清潔に保ち、喫煙、飲酒などもひかえ、刺激を与えないようにします。痛みや発熱に対しては解熱鎮痛剤を用います。抗生剤は、細菌感染が明らかな場合以外には用いる意義は少ないと考えられますが、溶連菌感染の場合には合併症を防止するために、十分に使用する必要があります。

 咽頭特殊感染症では、それぞれの原因微生物に対する治療をします。

病気に気づいたらどうする

 がまんできる程度の痛みの場合には、うがいなどをして様子をみてもよいと思います。しかし、唾液(だえき)が飲み込めないほどの痛みであったり、発熱を伴う場合には医師の診察が必要です。扁桃周囲膿瘍(へんとうしゅういのうよう)や急性喉頭蓋炎(こうとうがいえん)など、緊急処置が必要な病気との鑑別も必要になりますので、耳鼻咽喉科を受診するべきでしょう。

 咽頭特殊感染症は、一般的な診察や検査では普通の咽頭炎との鑑別が難しいことも少なくありません。咽頭の症状がなかなか改善しない場合には、特殊感染症に対する検査が必要になることもあります。病原体保有者と接触した可能性がある場合には、その旨を医師に伝えておくことも大切です。

一宮 一成

図10 口腔・咽頭の位置関係
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図10 口腔・咽頭の位置関係


出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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