Suruga Province

The old name of a province located in the eastern and central parts of present-day Shizuoka Prefecture. Suruga Province. The area east of the Oi River, excluding Izu Province. Before the Taika Reforms, the three provinces of Suruga Province (east of the Fuji River), Ihohara Province (west of the Fuji River), and Izu Province were integrated into Suruga Province with the implementation of the Kunigun system under the Taika Reforms, and in 680 (the 9th year of Emperor Tenmu), Izu Province was separated and became part of the future Suruga Province. There is a theory that the origin of the name "Suruga" comes from the Ainu word "Surgura," which refers to the Yamatonkabuto (a monk's beetle) that grows wild at the foot of Mt. Fuji and Mt. Ashitaka, but it is also said to be a reference to the fast-flowing and sharp Fuji River. According to the Suruga Province Tax Register from 737 and 738 (Tenpyo 9 and 10), the cultivated land area at that time was over 9,676 cho, the rice tax was over 14,514 koku, and the population was estimated at 67,500. There were seven districts, from east to west: Suruga (later Sunto), Fuji, Ihara (Ihara), Abe, Udo (Udo), Mashizu, and Shida, and 59 districts are recorded in the Wamyōshō. The provincial capital is thought to have been originally located in Suruga District, where the old Tama River was located, but was later moved to Abe District. It is thought to be located near present-day Hase Town, Aoi Ward, Shizuoka City. Before Izu Province gained its independence, it was part of the Joukoku region, but the two counties of Tagata and Kamo were separated and became Chukoku, and later it was restored to the Joukoku region. From the late Heian to the Kamakura period, vast mikuriya (kitchens) were created in the Ise Shrine territory, such as Onuma Ayuzawa no Mikuriya and Otsu no Mikuriya. In addition, manors such as Hatori-sho (Hattori Manor) in the Hachijo-in territory, Masukashi Manor in the Enshoji territory, and Kitaando Manor in the Kumano Nachisan territory were created, and the manor officials of these manors and local government officials who came down from Kyoto settled there, creating a powerful local force. During the Kamakura period, Takeda Nobuyoshi of Kai was appointed Shugo of Suruga Province just before the Battle of Fujigawa in 1180 (Jisho 4), but from 1184 (Genryaku 1) onwards, the position was passed down hereditarily to the Hojo Tokuso family throughout the Kamakura period. Then, during the Nanboku-cho period, Imagawa Norikuni became Shugo in 1338 (Engen 3, Ryakuo 1) as a reward for his military achievements during the Genko and Kenmu conflicts, and the Imagawa clan held the position hereditarily until the Sengoku period. During the Muromachi period, Suruga Province was the Shogunate's front line, bordering Kai and Izu provinces under the jurisdiction of the Kamakura government, and as the conflict between the Shogunate and the Kamakura government intensified, the Imagawa clan, the shugo (military governor), played an important role in quelling rebellions such as the Uesugi Zenshu Rebellion (1416) and the Eikyou Rebellion (1439). After the Imagawa clan was defeated and destroyed by Oda Nobunaga in the Battle of Okehazama in 1560 (Eiroku 3), the Takeda clan ruled the province for a time, but in 1582 (Tensho 10) Tokugawa Ieyasu took control. After Ieyasu was transferred to the Kanto region, the province was divided and owned by minor daimyo such as Nakamura Kazuuji of Sunpu Castle. In 1607 (Keicho 12), Ieyasu entered the area again as Ogosho (Great Lord), and it later became the territory of Tokugawa Yorinobu and Tokugawa Tadanaga, but after Tadanaga was removed from his domain, a castle lord was placed at Sunpu Castle and the Tenryo (Clan's Domain) spread widely. During the Edo period, the area had a land yield of approximately 250,000 koku and numbered 860 villages. The area's specialty was tea, and it was a key transportation hub with 12 post towns on the Tokaido road. In 1868 (Meiji 1), Tokugawa Iesato entered the area with 700,000 koku of land in Suruga, Totomi, and Mikawa, and it became the territory of the Suruga Domain, and in 1871, when the domains were abolished and prefectures were established, it became Shizuoka Prefecture.

[Tetsuo Owada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

現在の静岡県東部および中部に位置した旧国名。駿州(すんしゅう)。大井川より東の部分で伊豆国を除いた地域である。大化改新前にあった珠流河(するが)国（富士川以東）と廬原(いほはら)国（富士川以西）、それに伊豆国の3国が大化改新による国郡制の施行によって統合されて駿河国になり、さらに680年（天武天皇9）伊豆国が分かれて、後の駿河国の範囲となった。「スルガ」の語源については、富士山・愛鷹(あしたか)山麓(さんろく)に自生するヤマトリカブトのアイヌ語「スルグラ」に由来するという説もあるが、流れが速く鋭い富士川にちなんだものともいう。737、738年（天平9、10）の「駿河国正税帳(しょうぜいちょう)」によると、当時の耕地面積は9676町余、田租(でんそ)は1万4514石余で、人口は6万7500人と推定されている。郡は東から駿河（のち駿東(すんとう)）、富士、盧原（庵原(いはら)）、安倍(あべ)、有度（有渡）(うど)、益頭(ましず)、志太(しだ)の7郡があり、『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』には59郷が記されている。国府は初め旧珠流河のあった駿河郡駿河郷に置かれたと推定されるが、のち安倍郡に移された。現在の静岡市葵(あおい)区長谷(はせ)町付近と考えられている。伊豆国が独立するまでの間は上国(じょうこく)であったが、田方(たがた)・賀茂(かも)の2郡が分置して中国(ちゅうこく)となり、のちふたたび上国に復した。平安後期から鎌倉期にかけて、大沼鮎沢御厨(おおぬまあいざわのみくりや)、大津御厨など広大な伊勢(いせ)神宮領の御厨が生まれた。また、八条院領服織荘(はとりしょう)、円勝寺領益頭荘、熊野那智山(なちさん)領北安東(きたあんどう)荘などの荘園ができ、それら荘園の荘官および京都から下向した在庁官人などが土着し、有力な在地勢力ができた。鎌倉期の守護は、甲斐(かい)の武田信義(のぶよし)が1180年（治承4）富士川合戦の直前に駿河国守護に任じられたが、1184年（元暦1）以降は鎌倉期を通して北条得宗(とくそう)家が世襲していった。ついで南北朝期、今川範国(のりくに)が1338年（延元3・暦応1）、元弘(げんこう)・建武(けんむ)の争乱の軍功の賞として守護となり、今川氏が戦国期まで世襲した。室町期、駿河国は鎌倉府管轄の甲斐、伊豆両国に接する幕府の最前衛の国であったため、幕府と鎌倉府の対立が激しくなるにつれ、守護今川氏は上杉禅秀(うえすぎぜんしゅう)の乱（1416）、永享(えいきょう)の乱（1439）などの反乱を鎮定する重要な役割を果たした。今川氏が1560年（永禄3）桶狭間(おけはざま)の戦いで織田信長に敗れ滅亡したのちは、一時期武田氏が領したが、1582年（天正10）には徳川家康が支配することになった。家康の関東転封後は駿府(すんぷ)城の中村一氏(かずうじ)ら小大名の分割領有となった。1607年（慶長12）大御所(おおごしょ)としてふたたび家康が入り、さらに徳川頼宣(よりのぶ)領、徳川忠長(ただなが)領となったが、忠長除封後は駿府城には城代(じょうだい)が置かれ、天領が広範に分布していた。江戸時代の石高(こくだか)はおおよそ25万石で、860か村を数える。特産は茶で、また東海道の宿場が12か所もあり、交通上の要衝であった。1868年（明治1）徳川家達(いえさと)が駿河のほか遠江(とおとうみ)、三河の70万石で入り駿河藩領となり、廃藩置県によって71年静岡県となった。

［小和田哲男］

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