In France, it is called pâté. It is made by making a dough of flour and solid fat, and then filling is put into the dough and baked. There are two types of pie: sweet pie and savory pie. The crust of these pies also comes in two types: British and American style kneaded pie dough and European style folded pie dough, and the way they are made is completely different. Sweet pies include apple pie, lemon meringue pie, chocolate pie, pumpkin pie, cream pie, various tarts, and bouche per michel (small baked pies for one person), while savory pies include chicken pie, fish pie, beefsteak pie, game pie, kidney pie, and mincemeat pie, and there are many others. [Fumiko Kobayashi] FeaturesConfectionery is usually made mainly from flour, sugar, eggs, and other ingredients, with added flavorings, but pies are made from simple ingredients such as flour, butter, and shortening, giving them a refined appearance and taste that is different from other confectionery. For example, a pie crust made from European-style dough, such as mille feuille (French for thousand leaves), has thin layers of flour layered on top of each other, reaching a height of three to four times that of the original dough. Made with roughly equal amounts of flour and butter, it can be said to be a magical confectionery that makes full use of the properties of both. [Fumiko Kobayashi] How to make it(1) British and American style pie crust: Add half the amount of solid fat (such as butter) to the flour, chopped into 1 cm cubes, and knead with your hands until it becomes like breadcrumbs. Sprinkle in cold water or milk and mix lightly. Dust your hands with flour, form the mixture into a ball, place in a bowl, cover with a damp cloth, and leave to rest in the refrigerator for 20 minutes (you can leave it longer if you have time). Take it out, place it on a marble or cutting board dusted with flour, and roll it out into a round, rectangular or any other shape you like. Cut it into small pieces and fill it with your desired filling. Alternatively, you can roll it out into a pie dish, fill it with the filling, and either put a thin string of skin on top or cover the whole thing with a skin. Brush the surface of the skin with egg yolk, and first bake it over a high heat (around 230°C) for 7 to 8 minutes. Once the edges have hardened, reduce the temperature to around 200°C and bake until the surface is golden brown. The name of the pie depends on the filling, for example, apple pie is called apple pie when it is filled with apples. (2) European-style pie crust pâté feuilletée (French: folded pie dough) Also called French pie. Sift half strong flour and half weak flour, sprinkle a little salt twice (not necessary if using salted butter), add about 55% cold water to the flour, and knead for about 5 minutes. It should be as soft as freshly pounded mochi (earlobe). Place in a bowl as is, cover with a wet cloth, and leave in the refrigerator for at least 2 hours. Wrap the butter in paraffin paper and press with the palms of both hands to make a square shape 1 cm thick. Take the dough from the refrigerator onto a board, and roll it out with a rolling pin so that it is thick in the center and thin at the corners, until it is large enough to wrap the butter. Place the prepared butter on top, fold the corners back to the center, and wrap it up so that no air gets in. Be careful not to let the butter spill out from the seams. Roll out the dough with both hands as if pressing the rolling pin evenly so that the butter and dough are evenly spread. Roll out into a rectangle about 1 cm thick and leave to rest in a cool place for about 30 minutes. Next, roll it out thinly to 3 to 4 times its original area. Fold the long end into thirds, then roll out the other end as long as possible. Butter is easiest to roll out when it is around 15°C. Fold it 3 times in thirds and once in fourths, and use as little flour as possible when rolling out. Finally, roll out to 3 to 5 mm thick, and cut with a knife or cut out with a cookie cutter to get the shape you want. You can fill it with something, bake it as is, or make a myriad of different pies with your imagination and ingenuity. [Fumiko Kobayashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フランスではパテpâtéという。小麦粉と固形油脂とで生地(きじ)をつくり、この生地を外皮として、中身を入れて焼いたもの。甘味のパイと料理用のパイの2種類がある。これらのパイの外皮にも、イギリス、アメリカ風の練りパイ生地と、ヨーロッパ風の折りパイ生地の2種類があり、作り方がまったく異なっている。甘味のパイには、アップルパイ、レモンメレンゲパイ、チョコレートパイ、パンプキンパイ、クリームパイ、各種タルト、ブーシュ・パーミシェル(1人用に小形に焼いたもの)など、料理用パイには、チキンパイ、フィッシュパイ、ビーフステーキパイ、ゲームパイ(野生鳥獣)、キドニーパイ(子牛の腎臓(じんぞう))、ミンスミートパイなど、その数はたくさんある。 [小林文子] 特色菓子の材料は主として小麦粉、砂糖、卵などに香料で風味を添えてつくられるのが普通だが、パイ類は小麦粉とバター、ショートニングなどの簡単な材料の配合によって、外見や味に他の菓子類と異なった上品な風味をもったものとなる。たとえばミルフィユmille feuille(フランス語で千枚の葉の意)のようなヨーロッパ風生地によるパイ皮は、薄い小麦粉の層が軽く幾重にも重なり、最初のこね粉の3~4倍以上の高さになる。小麦粉とバターの割合がほぼ同量でつくられ、両者の特性を十分に活用した魔法の菓子ともいえよう。 [小林文子] 作り方(1)イギリス、アメリカ風パイ皮American pie crust(練りパイ生地) 小麦粉にその半量の固形油脂(バターなど)を1センチメートル角に刻んで入れ、手でもみほぐしてパン粉状になったところに、冷水または牛乳をふり入れ軽く混ぜ合わせる。手にふり粉をつけてまとめ、ボールに入れてぬれ布をかけ、冷蔵庫で20分(時間があるときは長く置いてもよい)休ませておく。これを取り出し、大理石またはまな板にふり粉をしてその上に置き、丸形、長方形など好みの形に伸ばしたものを小形に切って、好みの中身を詰める。またはパイ皿に伸ばし、中身を詰めて、上部に皮を細い紐(ひも)状にしてかけたり、全体に皮をかぶせたりする。皮の表面に卵黄を刷毛(はけ)で塗り、最初は強火の天火(230℃ぐらい)で7~8分焼き、周りが固まったところで200℃ぐらいに下げて表面が黄金色ぐらいに焼く。リンゴを詰めたものをアップルパイというように、詰め物によって名前をつける。(2)ヨーロッパ風パイ皮pâté feuilletée(フランス語。折りパイ生地) フレンチパイともいう。小麦粉は強力粉、薄力粉を半々にして篩(ふるい)にかけ、塩少々を二度ふりかけ(有塩バターのときは不要)、これに冷水を粉の55%ぐらい入れて約5分間練る。搗(つ)きたての餅(もち)(耳たぶ)ぐらいの柔らかさがよい。そのままボールに入れてぬれ布をかけ、冷蔵庫で2時間以上休ませる。バターはパラフィン紙に包み、両手のひらで押して1センチメートル厚さの角型につくる。冷蔵庫のこね粉を板上に取り出し、中央を厚くして四隅が薄くなるように麺棒(めんぼう)で伸ばし、バターが十分包める大きさまで伸ばす。この上に用意したバターをのせ、四隅を中央に折り返し、空気の入らないように包む。このとき、あわせ目からバターがはみださないように注意する。バターとこね粉が平均に伸びるように、両手が平均に麺棒を押すような心持ちで伸ばす。1センチメートルぐらいの厚さの長方形に伸ばして、そのまま冷所で30分程度休ませる。次にこれを、初めの面積の3~4倍に薄く伸ばす。長いほうを三つ折りにし、次に折らないほうを長く伸ばすようにする。バターは15℃くらいのときが、いちばん伸ばしやすい。折り方は三つ折り3回、四つ折り1回で、伸ばすときの打ち粉は最少にすること。最後は3~5ミリメートルに伸ばし、包丁で切るか抜き型で抜いて好みの形にする。これに中身を入れたり、そのままで焼いたり、千差万別の形のパイが創意とくふうによってできる。 [小林文子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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