…Pneuma also originally meant breath, wind, or air, but later came to be understood as the principle of existence. In ancient India, prāṇa meant breath, breath, or exhalation, but it also meant wind (atmosphere), one of the components of human existence, and eventually came to be understood as the basis of the individual self. In China, qi was understood to mean human breath and the source of life force, but later the concept was linked to the theory of the five elements and the theory of yin and yang and explained as the principle of the structure of the universe. … From [Breathing]…This idea was later developed greatly, especially in India and China. In ancient Indian philosophy (Vedanta school), the functions related to breathing (prāṇa) were classified into five types: exhalation, inhalation, equal breathing, upward breathing, and mediation (the five winds theory or the five airs theory), but the Yoga school taught the practice of breathing techniques (prāṇāyāma) consisting of three functions: exhalation → breath cessation → inhalation. This focused on lengthening the period of breath cessation in between, and became the basis of yoga meditation (meisou), which aims for oneness with the universe, in parallel with a unique sitting technique. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "prāṇa" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…またプネウマpneumaももと気息,風,空気を意味したが,のちには存在の原理とされるにいたった。古代インドでは,プラーナprāṇaが息,気息または呼気を意味したが,それは同時に人間存在の構成要素の一つである風(大気)をも意味し,やがて個人我の根拠とされた。中国では気が人間の気息および生命力の根源を意味するとされたが,のちにその概念は五行説や陰陽説と結びついて宇宙構成の原理として説明されるようになった。… 【呼吸】より…この考え方はその後,とくにインドや中国で大きな発展をみせた。インドの古代哲学(ベーダーンタ学派)では呼吸(プラーナprāṇa)にかかわる機能を呼気,吸気,等気,上気,媒気の5種に分類したが(五風説または五気説),ヨーガ学派では,呼気→呼吸の停止→吸気という3種の機能からなる呼吸法(調息,プラーナーヤーマprāṇāyāma)の実修が説かれた。これは中間における呼吸の停止期間を長くすることに意を用い,独自の坐法と並行して宇宙との合一を目指すヨーガ瞑想(めいそう)の基本とされた。… ※「prāṇa」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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