City - one

Japanese: 市 - いち

A trading place where buyers and sellers meet each other at a specific location on a set date to exchange goods.

Trade was originally an inter-community activity, rather than an intra-community activity, often between communities that did not even share cultural homogeneity. This is evident in forms such as "silent trade," where groups with different occupations and cultures exchange goods silently or without seeing each other in uninhabited neutral areas or on the periphery of each other's communities, such as the hunter-gatherers of the Congo forest and the farmers of the savanna. Institutions such as "trading ports" and emporiums found in ancient states and traditional kingdoms in West Africa are also examples of the "marginality" of trading places. This "marginality" is also embodied in institutions such as so-called "periodic markets," which are more accurately described as markets, as the spatial and temporal irregularity of the market. The five-day market among the Tiv people of Nigeria is a kind of sanctuary where peace is maintained by powerful magic controlled by the market owners, and it also serves as a neutral negotiation site for warring groups. West Africa is known for its well-developed market systems. For example, in Yoruba society, there is a market system called the circular system, where markets are held in rotation at seven locations arranged in a circle at intervals of about 10 kilometers. Since a market is held once every 7 days and there is one day without a market, a market is held once every 8 days at each location. The cycle of these markets also serves as a kind of calendar for the people.

It goes without saying that the market is an economic institution, but we cannot ignore the social, political, and religious aspects that are also found in it. Markets are multifunctional institutions that are connected to almost any purpose that requires the gathering of a large number of people, providing a place for the exchange of information, a festival-like opportunity with entertainment, and often connected to judicial activities such as dispute resolution and religious events. Furthermore, in many societies where the market system is found, a series of facts have been pointed out, such as the fact that the goods traded in the market are not necessarily necessities of life, the prices in the market do not guide people's productive activities, and neither sellers nor buyers depend on market activities for the majority of their lives. In terms of the economy, it can be said that the market plays only a peripheral role. Of course, it goes without saying that the role played by the market must be considered in the context of each specific case. Although the economic role of Japanese markets has been prominent since the Middle Ages, the connection with festivals in ancient markets is often discussed in conjunction with the question of their origins. In many regions, the word "ichi" is still used to refer to "machi," but it is said that the etymological meaning of "machi" is synonymous with "matsuri" (festival). In relation to the decline of "ichi" in the modern era, it can also be said that the "ichi" is an institution characteristic of the economy before market principles came to play a central role.

[Mitsuru Hamamoto]

Japan

According to the Nihon Shoki, in the 5th century, Karu Market was established in Yamato (Nara Prefecture), Egano Market was established in Kawachi (Osaka Prefecture), and in the 6th century, Tsubaki Market and Ato Kuwano Market were established in Yamato. These markets were probably established mainly for barter between local clan communities or their chiefs after the Taika Reforms and the Ritsuryo system. Following the Tang Dynasty system, government-run east and west markets were established in Heijo-kyo and Heian-kyo, respectively, based on the Kanshi-ryo (Coury of Seki Markets), and it is said that one was also established in Fujiwara-kyo. These markets were held mainly for the purpose of distributing surplus goods from the ruling classes, such as government offices, aristocrats, and temples and shrines, and procuring necessary goods. They were under the control of the East and West City Governors, and city people registered in the register were engaged in selling designated goods at the Ichikura. The markets were customarily opened at noon and closed at sunset with the sound of three beatings of drums. As people crowded into these East and West markets, thieves and other crimes were executed as a warning to others, and they were also places for monks, such as Kuya Shonin, known as the City Saint, to give sermons.

During the Heian period, many markets were opened in the provinces, where people traded and procured goods such as tributes to the central government, miscellaneous goods for trade, and annual taxes and official goods to be paid to manorial lords. Meanwhile, during this period, metalworkers, craftsmen, and other craftspeople traveled around the country carrying their own products, rice, clothing, and other daily consumer goods to sell, and markets opened in local ports and ports were convenient places for them to trade. As exchanges developed in this way, local markets took on the character of regular markets held on specific days related to the zodiac, and they were called the Rat Market, Horse Market, Dragon Market, and Rooster Market, and some of these names remain as place names to this day.

From the end of the Heian period to the Kamakura period, as the commodity-money economy further developed based on the improvement of agricultural productivity, mainly rice cultivation, the advancement of social division of labor, symbolized by the development of handicrafts, and the large-scale import of Chinese goods, Tang coins, and Song coins through Japan-Song trade, markets began to be established in manors and imperial territories throughout the country. Many of these markets were held three times a month on specific days, for example the 2nd, 12th, and 22nd, and were established in key transportation locations such as provincial capitals, in front of shrines and temples, around land stewards' residences and manor offices, post stations, and ports. Trade in markets was initially conducted in temporary huts, but merchants gradually began to settle in the markets, and transactions were increasingly conducted in so-called market houses. As market exchanges flourished and the number of market residents increased, kokushi (provincial governors), manorial lords, and jito (local lords) appointed deputies, magistrates, and bugyo (mayors) to manage the market and collect market taxes, and some even strengthened their control by viewing the market as a new source of revenue. The exchanges at the regular markets during this period were characterized by the procurement of tributes to manorial lords, the sale and exchange of in-kind taxes (rice, silk, etc.) for payment in cash, the exchange of goods for local shrines and temples, and the exchange of goods for the supply and demand of local lords, as well as the wide participation of non-agricultural people such as myoshu (headman), farmers, and craftsmen. Another new historical function of the markets during this period was that they began to play an indispensable role in the regional economy, centered on manorial villages and the territories of local lords.

From the Northern and Southern Courts to the Muromachi period, against the backdrop of the further development of the division of labor within the country and the expansion of trade between Japan and Ming China and Japan and Korea, markets became more and more widespread, with even six-day markets held six times a month appearing, and there were cases such as Kobayakawa, the lord of Numata Manor in Aki Province, who issued bans on markets within his domain in an attempt to secure control over the markets and separate market merchants from samurai.Furthermore, market laws were issued by feudal lords in various regions that prohibited violence and brawls in the markets, as well as the collection of debts from merchants who gathered on market days.

From the Muromachi period through the Sengoku period, while various types of markets became widespread throughout the country, so-called privileged market merchants appeared, with seated merchants whose head offices were nobles, large shrines and temples, occupying a certain number of sales seats in the markets and engaging in exclusive dealings in certain products. However, when Sengoku daimyo were forced to gather many merchants to build castle towns and promote markets within their domains, they denied the seated privileges in castle towns and Rokusai markets and issued the so-called Rakuichi/Rakuza Order, which guaranteed free business, and as a result the privileges of seated merchants in the markets gradually declined.

In the Middle Ages, cities were established and developed over time, but as in Kamakura and Nara during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, and in Yamaguchi during the Sengoku period, transactions at markets held periodically continued in parallel with the development of retail commerce.Yodo Fish Market in Yamashiro Province (Kyoto Prefecture), which was a transit port connecting major consumer cities such as Kyoto with the productive areas of the west, already had a wholesale market for salt and other seafood since the Kamakura period, and Kyoto had a rice market that dealt in the wholesale of rice since at least the Muromachi period.

During the Edo period, regular markets such as Rokusai markets tended to decline in the Kinai region as so-called Zaigomachi (towns in the countryside) were established and castle towns were built, but in underdeveloped urban areas such as the eastern provinces, Rokusai markets often served as the center of exchange. In large cities such as Edo, Osaka, and Kyoto, wholesale markets were established and established to handle large volumes of consumer goods such as rice, vegetables, and seafood, which were in high demand on a daily basis. The Kanda vegetable market in Edo and the Tenma vegetable market and Zakoba market in Osaka are typical examples.

In local areas, special markets were held on specific days to trade local specialties such as silk, cocoons, paper, horses, and cattle, as well as large markets and year-end markets, many of which continued into modern times.

[Ginya Sasaki]

Europe

Classical Markets

Western markets began in southern Europe in classical antiquity. When the centers of Greek polis became urbanized, market squares called agoras were established to distinguish them from temples. These were places for the exchange of goods as well as for social and political purposes, but gradually they took on a stronger market character. However, commerce was carried out by foreign residents. Rome also had a similar market square, called the forum. There the distinction from temples was not so clear, and it also served as a forum for military demonstrations. The capital Rome in particular had over a dozen forums, and the city was specialized.

While Southern Europe developed cities as the cornerstone of Mediterranean coastal culture in ancient times, Central and Northwestern Europe were purely rural areas without cities in principle. However, within the sphere of influence of the Roman Empire, centered on France, Roman cities were built in various places, with the Forum at the center. However, after a period of confusion due to the Great Migration of Peoples, Roman cities in Southern Europe and other regions fell into decline, and a new movement towards urbanization began in Central and Northwestern Europe. Some of these were based on the ruins of Roman cities, but many others were newly built. While the ancient markets of Southern Europe were places for mutual trade between the member families of the polis that ruled the surrounding rural areas, and the slaves and subordinate people who were direct producers were alienated, the medieval markets of Central and Northwestern Europe, although subject to the constraints of feudal lordship, became places for mutual trade between the serfs and slave farmers who were direct producers, and also the urban craftsmen who had separated from the rural areas and settled there. Markets were densely distributed throughout the interior of the continent, and the era of inland culture began. This period is broadly divided into early, middle and late periods.

[Makoto Terao]

Markets during the Inland Cultural Era

In the early period, while it was partly connected to the Roman city, the city was established through trade with the estates of monasteries and feudal lords, and gradually came into competition with trade between citizens and peasants. A dualistic structure can be seen within the city, with churches, castles and market squares. In the middle period, widespread urban markets were artificially constructed against the backdrop of the emancipation of the serfs and internal colonization. They were mainly built in a planned manner near rural areas with the cooperation of feudal lords and contractors. Trade between urban craftsmen and merchants and rural residents flourished, and markets were established as a place for trade between producers. However, these were privileged markets that were advantageous to city residents, and were protected by the feudal lords.

A distinction was made between daily markets for citizens' daily necessities and places for various transactions between citizens and surrounding peasants, the latter being called weekly markets. Markets were held once or several times a week in market squares or similar places during set days and times. Citizens and surrounding peasants were only allowed to trade there, but for the latter in particular, this meant market coercion, which meant that they were not free to trade wherever they wanted, but had to go to a specific city's market to buy and sell. Market coercion, which applied to rural areas within a certain distance from the city, was accompanied by prohibitions that forbade transactions outside the market, and this distance was called the forbidden zone. This market coercion and prohibition were also applied to outsiders, and the weekly market became a symbol of a closed urban economy with the city as its central point. Cities used this system to implement economic policies such as official price systems and production control by guilds to protect the economic interests of their citizens. The open annual market complemented this closed weekly market. The markets are held several times a year on specific dates (such as church holidays), and are attended by not only farmers from the surrounding area, but also merchants from nearby and distant cities. Local specialties are sold, and products from various regions are also brought in and traded. Through the annual markets, the closed weekly market area was connected to a wider market area. These market areas are centered on the large annual markets (messe) of major regional cities, and spread to national and international market areas formed through the mutual connections between them. Famous international market areas include those in Bruges, Ambers (Antwerp), and Champagne. Through these market networks, corporate commerce such as the German Hanse and British adventure merchants was active.

In the latter part of the Inland Culture Period, the center of gravity of the market shifted from cities to rural areas. The population dropped sharply due to the Black Death (plague) in the late Middle Ages, and the agricultural depression and rising wages of urban craftsmen led to technological innovation in handicrafts. Taking notice of the low wages in rural areas, labor-saving mass production methods began in earnest at watermills using water power. In key industries such as textiles and metals (mining), the center of industrial locations shifted from old cities to rural areas (forests and hilly areas). Until then, rural areas had produced primary raw materials and supplied them to cities, but they began to produce secondary semi-finished and finished products. Various handicraft products were then traded within rural areas. Based on this, the buying and selling of daily necessities also developed, and the same systems of daily, weekly, and yearly markets as those in urban markets were permitted in rural areas. However, this framework was not strictly observed. On the other hand, store sales (at taverns and inns), which had previously been permitted only to a limited extent in rural areas, developed into trading relationships that went beyond those restrictions. On the other hand, peddlers who traveled from house to house and village to village became popular. The latter in particular posed a serious challenge to the traditional market system. It was a pure market transaction, as opposed to the publicly-institutionalized market transactions of the Middle Ages.

[Makoto Terao]

Towards new market relationships

This contradiction manifested itself as market conflict between cities and rural areas from the end of the Middle Ages through the early modern period. In Southern Europe, which inherited the legacy of classical antiquity, cities became bases for the feudal aristocracy, and market transactions in rural areas were strongly hindered. In Central European countries such as Germany, where numerous urban clusters were formed due to the regional division of feudal lords, market relations tended to become fixed in a way that was advantageous to the cities. This was most striking in Eastern Europe. In Northwestern European countries such as England, where feudal division was suppressed by a centralized monarchy, medieval urban markets did not become such a powerful force, and free rural markets expanded.

With the above-mentioned national and regional deviations, traditional urban markets lost their importance with the Civil Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, giving way to retail-wholesale markets centered on stores. However, even in today's Western cities, weekly and annual markets still retain some of their functions. The Messe in Leipzig and Hannover are particularly famous as international trade fairs.

[Makoto Terao]

China

China's market network has developed independently

Although China has lagged behind in modern industrialization, the level of achievement of the old order and old organizations that developed within its traditional society far surpasses that of other regions and the world. In particular, the old-style market network, which has achieved its own sustained development alongside blood ties and administrative organizations, is an important point in determining the nature of Chinese society and the success or failure of its adaptation to modern times.

[Yoshinobu Shiba]

The roots of the market network

The roots of China's old market networks date back to the city-states of the Yin and Zhou dynasties, and they must be considered in relation to the size of the civilization and its ecological conditions. China, as a geographical unit, occupies vast, highly productive agricultural land, and is blessed with an extensive river transportation network. The river network that stretches from the south, the Pearl River, the Yangtze River, the Huai River, and the Yellow River, connects with each other, but is cut off by the loess plateau. The cities known as yu, which gave birth to the loess civilization, were located and scattered in a long, narrow belt where this river transportation network was cut off and joined the land transportation network that stretched eastward from Inner Asia.

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, which lasted for about 1,000 years, the city-states of China, called 'Yu', were built at key transportation points, and served as settlement bases for people. In addition to agricultural products, metals, textiles, timber, and salt, trade goods from far away land and sea, tributes, spices, and medicines were also collected and distributed, becoming a source of revenue for the kings and nobles. Within the city-states were markets called 'Shiri', which were places for meetings, festivals, exchanges, and entertainment. The history of Chinese city-states was shorter than that of other civilizations, and the scale of exchange did not reach that of the Mediterranean world. However, with the appearance of ironware at the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the rapid disintegration of the clan system, distribution and accumulation of wealth through Shiri accelerated, and the division of labor in society was also promoted, leading to the integration of territorial states in one fell swoop, and the great empires of Qin and Han were born.

In the second year of the reign of Emperor Meiji, there were 1,587 counties, 6,622 townships, and 29,635 pavilions, and it is believed that the countless villages that once existed were almost all reorganized into counties. In order to exclusively control domestic commerce and industry, the government established public markets in a corner of each prefecture's capital, arranged stores by type of business, set business hours, registered merchants in the city registry, collected city taxes, and required price reporting. Controlling prices in the markets was essential for adjusting prices nationwide and for the fair execution of sentences. For the same purpose as controlling the markets, markets (guanxi and goshi) were also established at borders and key locations. During the Six Dynasties period, villages began to spread in remote areas and on prefecture borders, and unofficial grass markets (soushi) appeared in rural areas, but the government's basic stance of establishing public markets in prefectures and strictly controlling them continued until the middle of the Tang Dynasty.

[Yoshinobu Shiba]

The Commercial Revolution and Changes in Market Networks

When the commercial revolution occurred from the end of the Tang to the Song dynasty, the city system that had existed since the Han dynasty collapsed, and the prototype of the market organization of the later Ming and Qing dynasties appeared. With the introduction of the two tax laws against the backdrop of the development of production and the spread of commerce and a monetary economy, the government's control over commerce and industry was relaxed, and commerce began to be actively used to secure financial resources and manage finances. The system that limited cities to prefecture-level cities and above and imposed various controls on them was abandoned, and while urban commerce and industry became independent, countless semi-cities (towns) and villages and cities sprang up in rural areas.

In this way, a pyramidal structure was formed, with a dozen villages forming one block and belonging to one village city, several village cities forming a larger block and belonging to one town, and several towns belonging to one county city. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the number of village cities was more than 27,000, and they disappeared around the open ports and in developed areas with the start of modernization, but in the 1960s, about 30,000 to 40,000 old village cities were revived along with the self-reserving areas, so the old market network is still firmly rooted. The average market area of a village city is about 50 square kilometers, with a population of 7,000 to 8,000, and the village city interval is just under 8 kilometers. Villagers go to their own village city and neighboring village city every day on market days, while merchants and craftsmen based in county cities and towns make rounds between towns and village cities, so the demand and purchasing power of the small and scattered villagers was organized and connected to domestic commerce at the county city level and above. The commercial areas of towns and villages were also the areas in which farmers conducted social and religious exchanges, and so substantial grassroots communities based on the principle of "neighborhood" were born, independent of the network of administrative villages.

From the Song to the Qing dynasty, urbanization at the county level or above was limited in total for the purpose of administrative and military control and centralized control through the imperial examination system (as can be seen in the fixation of the number of counties), but cities at the county level or below actually became more developed, creating a strong balance between urban and rural areas, and a middle class of society such as town gentry based in counties and towns developed here.Meanwhile, rural areas also transformed into semi-self-sufficient and semi-open structures in which more than half of their livelihoods depended on the commercial economy.

[Yoshinobu Shiba]

City Folklore

Since markets are places where people and goods gather and distribute on specific days, they also have a wealth of folklore associated with them.

First, in terms of the time of year when the markets are held, there are those that are held on a fixed date every year and those that are held three or six times a month on fixed dates. The former are often called "Yu-no-ichi," "Toshi-no-ichi," or "Bon-ichi." The importance of "Bon" and "Yu-no-ichi" comes from the fact that they are important seasons in the belief of ancestors. In urban areas, it is customary to buy items necessary for New Year's events at the Yu-no-ichi, especially hamayumi (a bow used to hold a demon-repelling bow) and hagoita (a shuttlecock), and the "Hagoita Market" in Asakusa, Tokyo is a famous example. In some places, such as Okuizumo Town, Nita County, Shimane Prefecture, the Yu-no-ichi is called "Buriichi," and it is customary to exchange yellowtail, which is essential for New Year's, for one sack of rice. The days when Yu-no-ichi are held are concentrated in the latter half of December nationwide, and they often last for two or three days between the 23rd and 24th and New Year's Eve. In Tokyo, the Bon Festival was called "Kusaichi," a reference to the sight of people bringing items needed for the Bon festival, such as straw mats, Bon flowers, and ground cherries, from rural areas and selling them on the streets. In rural areas near Takada (Rikuzentakata City) in Iwate Prefecture, it was customary to go to the Takada Bon Festival on July 12th, and children who were staying home alone had high hopes for the return of the townspeople, calling it a "townspeople welcome."

Examples of markets being held three or six times a month are also seen throughout the country. In large urban areas such as Hachioji, Tokyo, there are cases where towns take turns holding markets on different days, but in smaller towns scattered over a wider area, there are many cases where markets are held one after the other on different days, and markets held six times a month are called "rokusaiichi," and it is not uncommon to see a system in which a market is held in some town every day in the area, such as "ichi-roku no ichi" in town A and "ni-nana no ichi" in town B.

Some local markets are named after specific products, such as "Hinaichi" (Doll Market), "Daruma Market," and "Bettara Market" (lightly pickled radishes, called "bettara-zuke," were sold in Odenmacho, Tokyo, on the night of October 19th). Tokyo's Setagaya Market also has its own name, the "Boro Market," which although it now sells all kinds of goods, originally came from a place where people from nearby areas brought and sold used clothing.

Some of the markets that have been passed down since ancient times took the form of barter. At one market that is held on the coastal road of Haiki (Sasebo City), Nagasaki Prefecture, for a total of nine days on the 7th, 8th, and 9th of May, people from remote islands who have brought marine products to the sea side and people from rural areas who have brought agricultural products to the land side set up camp and trade, chanting "Let's go back, let's go back!" The Mankoji market in Sakanoichi, Oita City, is a grand market held on May 18th, but at a modest market held in a corner of the market, women from sea villages and men from mountain villages trade while denigrating each other's products and cursing to their heart's content. These can be said to be vestiges of old market trade.

There are many cases where markets are held on the occasion of temple and shrine festivals and festivals, but in general, there seems to be a belief that the opening of a market is based on a mysterious spiritual power and not merely the work of humans. It is said that in ancient times, markets were built where rainbows stood, or that market people were made to pray for rain. In some places, such as Asamai (Yokote city) in Akita prefecture, a market was set up because a large rock fell from the sky. In the Shinshu Togakushi area, there is a legend that an old woman appears in the market. It is said that stores where the mountain witch buys goods attract customers unknowingly and have high sales. In Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, Tsumenoichi is a market held at the end of the year, and legend has it that if you go there, you will meet someone who resembles your parent, and in the Takayama district of Kimotsuki Town, Osumi, Kagoshima Prefecture, and around Osaki Town, people from nearby villages who come to the market rent a room in a townhouse to welcome new spirits. In some areas, Ichiko means a shrine maiden who can channel spirits, and Ichi has long been a woman who serves the gods, which may be closely related to the mysticism of the market.

[Tatsuo Hagiwara]

"Revised Edition: Studies on the History of Commerce in Medieval Japan" by Toyoda Takeshi (1944, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Studies on the History of the Development of Commerce in Medieval Japan" by Wakita Haruko (1969, Ochanomizu Shobo) ▽ "Folklore and Crafts Series 56: Folklore of Markets and Peddler's" by Kitami Toshio (1970, Iwasaki Bijutsusha) ▽ "European Economic History" by Otsuka Hisao (1973, Iwanami Shoten) ▽ "Medieval Economic History" by Terao Makoto (1978, Keio Tsushin) ▽ "G. William Skinner The City in Late Imperial China (1977, Stanford University Press)"

[Reference items] | Trade | Rokusai City

Fukuoka City as seen in the "Eden of Ippen Shonin"
A market in Fukuoka-sho, Bizen Province, during the Kamakura period. Temporary market huts are built across the road. From the left in the back, there is a cloth hut, a rice hut, and a fish and bird hut. A copy of "Ippen Shonin E-den" (Eden of Ippen Shonin), owned by the National Diet Library .

Fukuoka City as seen in the "Eden of Ippen Shonin"

Nihonbashi Fish Market
During the Edo period, there was a fish market on the north side between Nihonbashi and Edobashi. Behind the shops, boats loaded with fish rowed in, creating a lively atmosphere. "Edo Meisho Zue," Volume 1, "Nihonbashi Fish Market," National Diet Library Collection ">

Nihonbashi Fish Market

Utagawa Hiroshige, "Illustration of famous places in Naniwa: The Fish Market at Zakoba"
This nishiki-e depicts the Zakoba Market, Osaka's largest fish market, which flourished during the Edo period. Since its opening in 1679 (Enpo 7) in Sagishima (now Nishi-ku, Osaka), the fish market flourished as the center of small fish trading in Osaka, and the painting shows wholesalers and fishmongers carrying poles coming and going. Merchants began to call Sagishima, where the fish market was located, "Zakoba (small fish market)," and eventually "Zakoba" came to be used to refer to fish markets. Zakoba Market continued to exist after the Meiji period, but with the opening of the Osaka Central Wholesale Market in 1931 (Showa 6), it came to an end. ( Owned by the National Diet Library )

Hiroshige Utagawa, "Illustration of famous places in Naniwa: The Fish Market at Zakoba"

Tenma Blue Blossom Market (Taisho Period)
Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture. "Osaka Prefecture Photography Book" (1914, Taisho 3) held by the National Diet Library ">

Tenma Blue Blossom Market (Taisho Period)

Smooth Snow Fish Market (Taisho Period)
Edobori and Kyomachibori, Nishi-ku, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture. "Osaka Prefecture Photography Book" (1914 Taisho 3) held by the National Diet Library ">

Smooth Snow Fish Market (Taisho Period)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

決まった期日に、特定の場所で、売り手・買い手がお互いに出向いて物資の交換を行う交易の場。

　交易は、本来、共同体内部に根ざした活動というよりは、共同体間の、それもしばしば文化的同質性すら共有しない共同体間の活動であった。コンゴ森林の狩猟採集民とサバンナの農耕民の間でみられるような、生業や文化に違いのある集団が、無人の中立地帯や互いの共同体の周縁部で、無言で、あるいは互いに顔をあわせないようにして物資をやりとりするという「沈黙交易」のような形態に、これははっきり現れている。古代国家や西アフリカの伝統的王国にみられた「交易港」やエンポリウムのような制度も、同様な交易の場の「周縁性」の実例である。こうした「周縁性」は、市という表現がより正確に当てはまるいわゆる「定期市」のような制度にも、市のもつ空間的・時間的非日常性として形をとどめている。ナイジェリアのティブの人々の間にみられる5日ごとの市は、市の所有者たちが管理する強力な魔術によってその平和が維持される一種の聖域であり、紛争中の集団にとっての中立の交渉場ともなっている。西アフリカはこうした市の制度をよく発達させていることで知られている。たとえば、ヨルバの社会では、輪環制という市の制度があり、約10キロメートル間隔でほぼ環状に配置された七つの地点で市が順繰りに開かれてゆく。7日で一巡し1日の市なし日が入るので、各地点では8日に1回ずつ市が立つことになる。こうした市の周期は、人々にとって一種のカレンダーの役割もしている。

　市が経済制度であることは指摘するまでもないが、そこに同時にみられる社会的、政治的、宗教的な側面も軽視するわけにはいかない。情報交換の場、娯楽を伴う祭礼的な機会を提供し、しばしば紛争解決といった司法的活動や宗教行事とも結び付く、といったぐあいに、市は多数の人々の集結が必要とされるほとんどあらゆる目的と結び付いた多機能的制度である。さらに、市の制度がみられる多くの社会において、市で取引される物資がかならずしも生活必需品目ではない、市での価格が人々の生産活動の指針とはなっていない、売り手も買い手も市での活動に生活の大部分を頼っているわけではない、といった一連の事実が指摘されている。経済的な面では、市はむしろ周辺的な役割しか演じていないともいえるのである。もちろん、市が演じている役割は、個々の具体的な事例に即して検討されねばならぬことはいうまでもない。日本の市についても、中世以降、経済的な役割が顕著であるとはいえ、古代の市については起源の問題とも絡めて祭礼との結び付きが論ぜられることが多い。市をマチとよぶ地方は多いが、マチは語源的には祭礼と同義であるともいう。近代以降の市の衰退と絡めて、市を、経済的には市場原理が中心的な役割を占める以前の経済に特徴的な制度であるということもできよう。

［濱本　満］

日本

　『日本書紀』によると、5世紀には大和(やまと)（奈良県）に軽市(かるのいち)、河内(かわち)（大阪府）に餌香市(えがのいち)、6世紀に入って大和に海石榴(つばき)市、阿斗桑市(あとのくわのいち)などが開かれていたことが判明する。これらの市はおもに各地方の氏族共同体、あるいはその首長たちの間の物々交換のため開かれたものであろう。大化改新後、律令(りつりょう)制時代に入ると、市は唐の制度に倣って関市令(かんしりょう)に基づいて平城京、平安京内にそれぞれ官営の東西市が設けられるようになったが、藤原京にも設けられたことが伝えられている。これらはおもに官衙(かんが)、貴族、社寺など支配階級の余剰物資の放出、必要物資の調達などの目的で開かれたが、東西の市司(いちのつかさ)の管理下に置かれ、籍帳(せきちょう)に登録された市人が肆(いちくら)で、指定された物資の販売に従事していた。市は正午に開かれ、日没に太鼓を三度鳴らして閉じる習わしであった。これら東西市には人々が群集したので、見せしめに盗犯などの処刑が行われたり、市の聖(いちのひじり)とよばれた空也上人(くうやしょうにん)など僧侶(そうりょ)たちの説教の場でもあった。

　平安時代には地方にも多くの市が開かれるようになったが、そこでは中央官衙に貢納するための調庸(ちょうよう)物、交易雑物(こうえきぞうもつ)、あるいは荘園(しょうえん)領主に納める年貢、公事(くじ)物の交易、調達が行われていた。一方、この時代には鋳物師(いもじ)、細工人ら各種の手工業者たちが自己の製品・米・衣料など日常消費物資を担ぎ、販売のため廻(かい)国するようになるが、地方港津などに開かれた市は彼らのかっこうの取引の場であった。このように交換が発達してくると、地方の市は干支(えと)にちなんだ特定の日に開かれる定期市の性格を帯びるようになり、それらは子市(ねのいち)、午(うま)市、辰(たつ)市、酉(とり)市などとよばれ、地名として今日まで残るものも現れた。

　平安末期から鎌倉時代にかけて、稲作を中心とした農業生産力の向上、手工業の発達などに象徴される社会的分業の進展、日宋(にっそう)貿易による唐物(からもの)・唐銭(とうせん)・宋銭などの大量の輸入に基づいて、商品貨幣経済がいっそう発達すると、市は全国の荘園、公領内に成立するようになる。それらの多くは一定の日に月三度、たとえば2日、12日、22日に開かれる、いわゆる三斎市(さんさいいち)で、地方の国府(こくふ)、社寺門前、地頭館(じとうやかた)や荘園政所(まんどころ)の周辺、宿駅、港津など交通の要地に開設された。市での交易は当初仮小屋で行われたが、商人はしだいに市に定住するようになり、取引はいわゆる市場在家(いちばざいけ)で営まれる例が増えていった。市での交換が繁(しげ)くなり、市場在家の数も増えると、国司、荘園領主、地頭らは代官、目代(もくだい)、奉行(ぶぎょう)を置いて、その管理や市場税の徴収にあたらせ、市を自己の新しい財源とみなして支配を強化する者も現れた。この時代の定期市での交換は、荘園領主などへの貢納物の調達、代銭納(だいせんのう)のための現物年貢（米や絹布など）の販売換貨、地方社寺、在地領主らの需給のための交換、さらには名主(みょうしゅ)・作人(さくにん)や手工業者など非農業民の広範な参加が大きな特徴をなしていた。また、市が荘園村落や在地領主の領域を中心とした地域経済にとって不可欠の役割を果たすようになることも、この時代の市の新しい歴史的な機能といえよう。

　南北朝から室町時代には、国内における分業のいっそうの発展、日明(にちみん)・日朝(にっちょう)貿易の展開などを背景にして、市はいよいよ普及し、月六度も開かれる六斎市さえ登場し、安芸(あき)国沼田荘(ぬたのしょう)地頭小早川(こばやかわ)氏のように、領内市に禁制(きんぜい)を発布して市場の支配権の確保、市場商人と武士との分離を試みる事例も現れた。そして市場内での乱暴狼藉(らんぼうろうぜき)、喧嘩口論(けんかこうろん)を禁止し、また市日に集まった商人からの債務取り立てを禁止することを内容とした市場法が各地の領主によって発布されるようになった。

　室町から戦国時代には、各種の市が全国的に普及する一方、公家(くげ)、大社寺などを本所(ほんじょ)にいただく座商人が、市の一定の販売座席を占め、特定商品の独占的な取引を行う、いわゆる特権的な市座商人が現れたが、戦国大名は城下町の建設、領国内市場振興のため多くの商人を集める必要に迫られると、城下町や六斎市などにおける座特権を否定し、自由営業を保証する、いわゆる楽市(らくいち)・楽座(らくざ)令を発布したため、市における座商人の特権はしだいに後退していった。

　中世では時代とともに都市の成立、発展が進行したが、鎌倉・室町時代の鎌倉や奈良、戦国時代の山口のように、店舗商業発展のかたわら定期的に開かれる市における取引も並行的に存続したのであった。また、京都のような大消費都市と西国の生産地とを結節する中継港津であった山城(やましろ)国（京都府）淀魚市(よどのうおいち)には、すでに鎌倉時代から塩などの海産物の卸売市場が、また京都では少なくとも室町時代から米穀の卸売を業とする米市場が成立していた。

　江戸時代には、畿内(きない)地方ではいわゆる在郷町(ざいごうまち)の成立、城下町の建設につれて六斎市など定期市は衰滅の傾向をたどったが、東国など都市の未発達な地方では、六斎市が交換の中心をなしていた例が多い。また、江戸、大坂、京都などの大都市では、日常的な需要の大きい米穀、青物、海産物など消費物資の大量取引を行う卸売市場が成立し、定着した。江戸の神田(かんだ)青物市、大坂の天満(てんま)青物市や雑喉場(ざこば)市場はその典型といえる。

　地方でも各地の特産物、絹、繭、紙、馬、牛などの取引を目的とした特殊市、さらには大市(おおいち)、歳市(としのいち)が特定の日に開かれ、それらのうち近代まで続いたものも少なくない。

［佐々木銀弥］

ヨーロッパ

古典古代の市

西洋の市は、南欧では古典古代に始まる。ギリシアのポリスの中心地が都市化したとき、神殿と区別されて市場広場アゴラが設けられた。そこは商品交換の場であるとともに、社交や政治の場でもあったが、しだいに市場の性格が強くなった。ただし商業は寄留外人の手で行われていた。ローマにおいても同様の市場広場があり、フォルムとよばれた。そこでは神殿との区別があまり明らかでないうえに、軍事的示威の広場の意味も兼ね備えていた。とくに首都ローマは十数個のフォルムをもち、市が専門化していた。

　南欧が古代において地中海の沿海文化のかなめとして市を発展させたのに対し、中欧や北西欧は原則として市を知らぬ純農村地帯であった。ただしフランスを中心とするローマ帝国の勢力の圏内においては、各地にローマ都市が建設され、その中心にフォルムが存在した。だが民族大移動の混乱期を経て、南欧やその他のローマ都市は衰退していき、中欧、北西欧に新しい都市化の動きが始まる。その一部はローマ都市の遺跡を土台にしたが、ほかの多数は新しく建設されたものである。南欧型の古代市場が周辺農村に君臨するポリス成員家族の相互取引の場であり、直接生産者である奴隷や隷属民は疎外されていたのに対し、中欧、北西欧型の中世市場は封建領主制の下という制約はあるにせよ、直接生産者の農奴や隷農、さらに農村から分離、集住した都市手工業者の相互取引の場となった。大陸内部の至る所に稠密(ちゅうみつ)に市場が分布し、内陸文化の時代となる。この時代は初期、中期、後期に大分される。

［寺尾　誠］

内陸文化時代の市

初期には、ローマ都市と一部連続しつつ、修道院や封建諸侯の所領交易が市を成立せしめ、これと市民や農民の取引がしだいに拮抗(きっこう)していく。市内に教会や城館と市場広場の二元性がみられる。中期になると、農奴解放や内国植民を背景に広範な都市市場が人為的に建設される。それはおもに農村の傍らに領主と請負人の協働で計画的につくられた。都市の手工業者、商人と農村の住民との間の取引が盛んとなり、生産者同士の取引の場として市が立った。ただし、それは封建諸侯に保護された、都市住民に有利な特権の市場であった。

　市民の日用必需品のための日市と、市民と周辺農民たちとのさまざまな取引の場とが区別され、後者は週市と名づけられた。週に一度ないし数度にわたり、定められた曜日の時間内に市場広場やそれに類する場所に市が開かれた。市民と周辺の農民はそこにおいてのみ取引が許されたが、とくに後者にとって、それは自らの好む所で取引する自由がなく、特定の都市の市場に赴いて売買を行わざるをえぬ市場強制を意味した。都市から特定距離内にある農村に妥当する市場強制は、市場以外の取引を禁ずる禁制を伴い、その距離の範囲は禁制圏とよばれた。この市場の強制と禁制はよそ者にも適用され、週市は都市を求心点とする閉鎖的な都市経済の象徴となった。都市はこの制度を利用し、公定価格制やギルドによる生産統制などの経済政策を実施し、市民の経済的利益を守った。なおこの閉鎖的な週市を補うのが、開放的な歳市である。年に何度か特定の日時（教会の祭日など）に開かれる市だが、そこには周辺の農民たちだけでなく、近隣、遠隔の諸都市の商人たちも参加する。地元の特産物が販売されるとともに、さまざまな地方のそれも持ち込まれ取引された。歳市を通じて閉鎖的な週市市場圏は、より広い市場圏につながっていった。その市場圏は、地方的な有力都市の大歳市（メッセMesse）を中心とするもの、その相互のつながりのうちに形成される国内的、国際的なものへと広がる。国際的なものでは、ブリュージュ（ブリュッヘ）、アンベルス（アントウェルペン）、それにシャンパーニュのメッセなどが有名である。それらの市場網を通じて、ドイツ・ハンザやイギリス冒険商人などの団体商業が活躍したのである。

　さて内陸文化時代の後期には、都市から農村に市の重心が移って行く。中世後期の黒死病（ペスト）による人口の激減、農業不況と都市手工業者の賃金上昇、それらを背景に手工業の技術革新が始まる。農村の低賃金に目をつけ、水力利用の水車場で、労働節約の量産方式が本格的となる。繊維、金属（鉱山）などの基幹産業において、工業立地が、古い都市から農村（森林、丘陵地帯）へと重心を移して行く。それまで第一次の原料を生産し、都市に供給していた農村が、第二次の半製品や完成品を生産し始める。ここにさまざまな手工業製品が農村内部で取引されることとなる。それを軸に日用必需品の売買も発達し、都市の市と同じような日市、週市、歳市の制度が農村にも許された。ただし、その枠組みが厳密に守られたのではない。一方では従来農村に限られた範囲で認められていた店舗販売（居酒屋、旅籠(はたご)での）が、その制約を超えた取引関係に発展する。他方では家から家、村から村へと練り歩く行商が盛んとなる。とくに後者は伝統的な市場制度に対する重大な挑戦であった。それは、中世の公的制度的な市場取引に対し、純粋な市場取引である。

［寺尾　誠］

新しい市場関係へ

この両者の矛盾は、中世末から近世にかけて都市と農村の市場抗争として現れた。古典古代の遺産を受け継いだ南欧では、都市が封建貴族の拠点となり、農村の市場取引は強く妨げられた。封建諸侯の地方的分裂のため多数の都市群が成立したドイツなど中欧の国々では、市場関係が都市に有利な形で固定化されがちであった。それは東欧においてもっとも著しい。中央集権的王政により封建的分裂が抑えられていたイギリスなど北西欧の国々では、中世の都市市場がそれほど強力な勢力関係とならず、農村の自由な市場が拡充していく。

　以上のような国民的、地域的な偏差を伴いつつ、伝統的な都市の市は、市民革命、産業革命とともに、その重要性を失い、店舗を中心とする小売り―卸売りの市場関係に席を譲る。ただし西洋の今日の都市でも、週市や歳市が一部の機能を残している。とくにライプツィヒやハノーバーのメッセは国際見本市として有名である。

［寺尾　誠］

中国

独自の発展を遂げた中国の市場網

中国は近代の工業化では遅れが目だつものの、伝統社会の内面で発達した旧秩序、旧組織の到達水準からみると、はるかに他の地域世界のそれを超えるものがあった。ことに旧型の市場網は、血縁や行政の組織と並んで独自の持続発展を遂げたので、中国社会の体質や、近代への適応の成否を見極めるうえでだいじなポイントをなす。

［斯波義信］

市場網のルーツ

中国の旧市場網のルーツは、殷(いん)・周の都市国家時代にさかのぼり、また文明のサイズや生態条件に即して考える必要がある。地文単位としての中国は、広大で生産性の高い大農業地を占め、しかも四通八達した河川交通網に恵まれている。南から珠江(しゅこう／チューチヤン)、長江(ちょうこう／チャンチヤン)、淮河(わいが／ホワイホー)そして黄河(こうが／ホワンホー)と続く河川網は、相互に連絡しつつ黄土台地に突き当たって遮られるが、黄土文明を発祥させた邑(ゆう)とよばれる諸都市は、この河川交通網が断たれ、内陸アジアから東に伸びた陸上交通網と接合する細長い地帯に立地して散布していた。

　殷・周約1000年の都市国家の時代に、人々の定住拠点であった邑は、こうした交通の要所に建てられ、農産物や金属、繊維、木材、塩のほか、遠い海陸の貿易品や貢納品、香料、薬物が集散して、王侯・貴族の財源となった。邑には市里(しり)とよぶ市があり、集会、祭礼、交換、娯楽の場であった。中国の都市国家の歴史は他文明より短く、交換の規模も地中海世界には及ばなかったが、春秋時代末より鉄器が登場し、氏族制が急速に解体すると、市里を通じての流通や富の蓄積は加速され、社会の分業も促進されてここに領土国家の統合が一挙になり、秦(しん)・漢の大帝国が生まれた。

　紀元2年に、県1587、郷(きょう)6622、亭(てい)2万9635が存在したが、かつて無数にあった邑は、ほぼ県に再編されたとみられる。政府は国内の商工業を独占的に統制するため、各県城の一角に市を公設し、商店を業種別に並べ、営業時間を定め、商人を市籍に登記し、市租を徴し、価格の報告を義務づけた。市の価格の掌握は、全国規模の物価調整、量刑の公平な執行に不可欠であった。また市の統制と同じ趣旨で、国境や要所に市（関市(かんし)、互市(ごし)）を設けた。六朝(りくちょう)時代になると、辺地や県境に集村が広がり始め、農村部に非公認の草市(そうし)＝村市が現れるが、市を県城に公設して厳格に統制する政府の基本姿勢は唐なかばまで続いた。

［斯波義信］

商業革命と市場網の変化

唐末から宋(そう)代に商業革命が起こると、漢以来の市の制度が崩壊し、後の明(みん)・清(しん)時代の市場組織の原型が現れてきた。生産の発達、商業、貨幣経済の浸透を背景に両税法が導入されるに伴い、まず政府の商工統制が弛緩(しかん)し、財源の確保、財政の運用に商業を積極的に利用するようになった。市を県城以上の都市に限定してさまざまな統制を加える制度は廃れ、都市の商工業が自立化する一方で、農村部に半都市＝鎮(ちん)や村市が無数に発生してきた。

　こうして十数村が一ブロックとなって一村市に帰属し、数個の村市がより広いブロックをつくって一鎮に、さらに数個の鎮が一県城に帰属するというピラミッド状の成層組織ができた。清末にはこの基底の村市数が2万7000余となり、開港場周辺や先進地では近代化の始動で消滅していったが、1960年代、自留地とともに約3万～4万の旧村市が復活したから、旧市場網はまだ根強く残っている。村市の平均的市場圏は約50キロメートル平方、人口7000～8000、村市間隔8キロメートル弱である。村民は市日にあわせて所属の村市のほか、隣接の村市に毎日出かけ、一方、県城や鎮に拠(よ)る商人、職人は鎮や村市を巡回したので、零細で散漫な村民の需要や購買力が組織されて、県城以上の国内商業と接合された。鎮や村市の商圏は、農民の社交・宗教上の交渉圏でもあったから、行政村の網の目とは独立した、「近隣性」を原理とする実質的な基層のコミュニティが生まれた。

　宋から清まで県城以上の都市化は、行政、軍事支配や科挙による一元支配の目的で（県数の固定にみられるように）、総枠が抑えられていたものの、県以下の都市ではむしろ充実して都鄙(とひ)間の強い均衡が生じ、県や鎮に拠る郷紳(きょうしん)など社会の中間階層がここに育ち、一方、農村部も生計の半数以上を商業経済に依存するという、半自給・半開放的体質に転化したのである。

［斯波義信］

市の民俗

市は特定の日に人と物資とが集散する場のことであるから、それに関する民俗もまた豊富である。

　まず市の開かれる時期のうえからみると、毎年ある定まった日に開かれるものと、月3回とか6回とか日を決めて開かれるものとがある。前者は暮の市、年の市とか盆市とかよばれることが多い。「盆・暮」が重んじられるのは、祖霊信仰のうえでの重要な季節ということから生じている。都会地では暮の市に正月行事に必要な諸品を買う習慣で、とくに破魔弓(はまゆみ)や羽子板(はごいた)を買うという所があり、東京・浅草の「羽子板市」などが有名である。島根県の仁多郡奥出雲(おくいずも)町のように、暮の市を「鰤市(ぶりいち)」とよんで正月に欠かせない鰤を米1俵と交換するのを習いとしていた所もある。暮の市の開かれる日は全国的にみて12月下旬に集中し、とくに23、24日から大みそかまでのうち、2～3日にわたるのが多い。盆市は東京では「草市(くさいち)」とよばれたが、茣蓙(ござ)、盆花、ホオズキなど盆行事に必要な品を農村から持ち込んで路上で売った光景からこうよんだのである。岩手県高田（陸前高田市）の付近の農村では、7月12日高田の盆市に出かける習慣があり、留守居の子供たちはその市からの帰宅を、「町人迎え」といって多大の期待をかけたという。

　毎月3回、6回の市という例も全国にわたって広くみられる。東京都八王子市のように大きな市街地では、日を変えて町々が順に市を開くという例もあったが、もっと広い範囲に散在している小都市で、日を追って次々と開かれるという例が多く、月6回開かれるものを「六斎市(ろくさいいち)」とよび、A町で「一、六の市」、B町で「二、七の市」というように、その地域で毎日、どこかの町で市が開かれるという仕組みになっていた所もよく見受ける。

　各地の市のなかには、特定の商品を名ざしてよばれるものもあり、「雛市(ひないち)」、「だるま市」、「べったら市」（大根の浅漬けをべったら漬けと称して、東京・大伝馬町で10月19日の夜売り出した）などがそれであるが、東京・世田谷の「ぼろ市」なども、いまはあらゆる品物を並べるが、もと、古着を近在の人々が持ち寄り売買したところからきたものである。

　古くから伝わる市では、物々交換の形で行われるものもあった。長崎県早岐(はいき)（佐世保(させぼ)市）の海岸の道路で、5月の「7、8、9の日」3日間ずつ合計9日間開かれる市では、海側に水産物を持ってきた離島の人々と、陸側に農産物を持ってきた農村の人々が陣取って、「かえましょ、かえましょ」の呼び声をあげて取引する。大分市の坂ノ市(さかのいち)の万弘寺の市は、5月18日に開かれる盛大な市であるが、その片隅で開かれるささやかな市では、海村からきた婦人たちと、山村からきた男たちとの間で、互いに相手方の生産物をけなして思う存分悪態をつきながら取引する。これらは古い市交易のおもかげを残したものということができる。

　社寺の縁日や祭礼に際して市の開かれる例も多いが、総じて市の開設は単なる人間業(わざ)でない神秘的な霊力に基づくと考えていたらしいふしがあり、古来、虹(にじ)の立つ所に市を立てたとか、市人に雨乞(あまご)いを祈らせたとか伝え、秋田県浅舞(あさまい)（横手(よこて)市）の市のように、天から大石が降ったので、そこを市の場所としたとの伝えをもつ所もある。信州戸隠(とがくし)付近では、市に姥(うば)が現れるとの伝承がある。山姥が商品を買ってくれた店は、知らず知らず客足がついて売上げが多いという。青森県八戸(はちのへ)でツメノイチというのは年の暮れの市であるが、行けば親に似た顔の人と出会うと言い伝え、鹿児島県大隅(おおすみ)の肝付(きもつき)町高山(こうやま)地区、大崎(おおさき)町あたりでは、市にきた近村の人々が町家の一室を借りて新精霊(しょうりょう)迎えをしたという。イチコといえば土地によっては口寄せをする巫女(みこ)のことであり、イチは古くから神に仕える女性のことであったというあたりも、市のもつ神秘性と深い関係があろう。

［萩原龍夫］

『豊田武著『増訂　中世日本商業史の研究』（1944・岩波書店）』▽『脇田晴子著『日本中世商業発達史の研究』（1969・御茶の水書房）』▽『北見俊夫著『民俗民芸叢書56　市と行商の民俗』（1970・岩崎美術社）』▽『大塚久雄著『欧州経済史』（1973・岩波書店）』▽『寺尾誠著『中世経済史』（1978・慶応通信）』▽『G. William SkinnerThe City in Late Imperial China (1977, Stanford University Press)』

[参照項目] | 交易 | 六斎市

『一遍上人絵伝』にみる福岡市
鎌倉時代、備前国福岡荘の市。市の仮小屋が道を挟んで建てられている。奥側左から、布座、米座、魚鳥座。『一遍上人絵伝』　写国立国会図書館所蔵">

『一遍上人絵伝』にみる福岡市

日本橋の魚市
江戸時代、日本橋から江戸橋にかけての北側に魚河岸があった。店の裏には魚をのせた舟がこぎ寄せて活気を呈している。『江戸名所図会』　巻1　「日本橋　魚市」国立国会図書館所蔵">

日本橋の魚市

歌川広重『浪花名所図会　雑喉場魚市の図』
江戸時代に栄えた大坂最大の魚市場、雑喉場市場の光景を描いた錦絵。1679年（延宝7）鷺島（現、大阪市西区）に開設されて以降、大坂の雑魚取引の中心として繁栄した魚市場で、絵には問屋や天秤棒を担う魚屋が行き交うようすが描かれている。商人たちは魚市場のあった鷺島を「ざこば（雑喉場、雑魚場）」とよぶようになり、やがて「ざこば」は魚市場をさすことばとして使われるようになった。雑喉場市場は明治以降も存続したが、1931年（昭和6）の大阪市中央卸売市場開場により、その使命を終えた国立国会図書館所蔵">

歌川広重『浪花名所図会　雑喉場魚市の図…

天満青物市場（大正時代）
大阪府大阪市北区。『大阪府写真帖』（1914年〈大正3〉）国立国会図書館所蔵">

天満青物市場（大正時代）

雑喉場魚市場（大正時代）
大阪府大阪市西区江戸堀・京町堀。『大阪府写真帖』（1914年〈大正3〉）国立国会図書館所蔵">

雑喉場魚市場（大正時代）

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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