Offset printing - Ofusettoinsatsu (English name) offset printing

Japanese: オフセット印刷 - おふせっといんさつ(英語表記)offset printing
Offset printing - Ofusettoinsatsu (English name) offset printing

A method of printing on paper after first printing on a rubber cloth (called a rubber blanket) rather than directly from the printing plate to the paper. A lithographic plate is generally used for the plate. Therefore, the main functions of a printing press are to provide dampening water to the plate, provide ink, transfer the ink from the plate to the rubber blanket, and transfer the ink from the blanket to the paper. Generally, sheet-fed printing presses (machines that print on sheets of paper cut to a set size such as A or B) are used to produce high-quality printed materials, and offset rotary presses that use webs are used when speed is required.

In 1904, American Ira Washington Rubel (1846-1908) accidentally discovered that adding a cylinder wrapped in rubber cloth to a lithographic printing press and offset printing produced beautiful prints, and obtained a patent for this. This method became widely used because, as the rubber cloth was used as an intermediate, it worked well on rough paper and metal plates (tinplate), and color printing on large-format paper was economical. After World War II, in particular, the demand for color printing increased, and offset printing came to be widely used because other methods, such as primary color plates, were expensive to make and had slow printing speeds, and gravure required complex plate-making processes and large-scale printing equipment. Advances in color inks also made it easy to produce vivid four-color printing, and offset printing became so popular that it was synonymous with color printing. Furthermore, letterpress, which was the mainstream method of printing text, had drawbacks such as the use of lead type, heavy printing plates, and slow printing speed, so from around 1960 phototypesetting and computerized typesetting came into widespread use, and after that DTP (desktop publishing) came into use. Computer-generated DTP data can also be effectively printed using offset printing as a lithographic plate, so offset printing is the mainstream for pamphlets, catalogs, paperbacks, and other books. On the other hand, simple printing was printed using a mimeograph machine and was also called light printing, but now offset printing is used, and newspapers, which once used letterpress printing, have mostly been switched to offset printing since the 1980s.

[Ryutaro Yamamoto and Miki Nakamura]

"Hitachi Printing, ed., 'Offset Printing Guidebook: To Create Better Printed Materials' (1983, Printing Society of Japan Publishing Division)""Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mihara Works, ed., 'The Structure and Proper Operation of Offset Printing Machines' (1992, Japan Printing Newspaper Co., Ltd.)""Japan Printing Technology Association, ed., 'Offset Printing Technology Basic Operation Manual' (1994)""Japan Printing Technology Association, ed., 'Offset Printing Technology - Work Procedures and Knowledge' Revised and Enlarged Edition (2009)"

[Reference items] | Printing | Light printing | Primary color printing | Phototypesetting | Computer typesetting | Lithographic printing

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

印刷版から直接紙に印刷せず、一度ゴム布(ゴムブランケットという)に印刷してから紙に印刷する方法。版は一般に平版(へいはん)を用いる。したがって印刷機の主要機能は、版に湿し水を与えること、インキを与えること、インキを版からゴムブランケットに移すこと、ブランケットから紙にインキを移すことなどである。一般に品質の高い印刷物を作製するときは枚葉印刷機(A判、B判など一定のサイズに断裁された紙=枚葉紙に印刷する機械)を用い、スピードを必要とするときは巻取紙を使うオフセット輪転機を利用する。

 1904年、アメリカのルーベルIra Washington Rubel(1846―1908)は、平版印刷機にゴム布を巻き付けた円筒を追加しオフセット印刷すると、きれいな印刷物を得ることを偶然発見、特許をとった。ゴム布を中間物として印刷するから、粗面の紙や金属板(ブリキ板)にもよく印刷できること、大判の紙にもカラー印刷が経済的にできることなどの理由から、広く利用されるようになった。とくに第二次世界大戦後、カラー印刷の需要が増えて以来、ほかの方法、つまり原色版は製版代が高く印刷速度が遅いこと、グラビアは製版工程が複雑で印刷設備が大掛りであることなどの理由があって、オフセット印刷が大いに利用されるようになった。カラーインキも進歩し、鮮やかな4色のカラー印刷が容易にできるようになり、色刷りといえばオフセットというほど盛んになった。また、文字印刷の主流であった活版は、鉛活字を使うこと、版の重量が重いこと、印刷速度が遅いことなどの欠点があったので、1960年ごろから写真植字や電算植字が多用され、その後はDTP(デスクトップ・パブリッシング)が使われるようになった。コンピュータを使うDTPデータも平版としてオフセット印刷すると効果がよいので、パンフレット、カタログ、文庫本や書籍などもオフセット印刷が主流である。一方、簡易な印刷は謄写版で印刷し軽印刷ともよばれたが、いまではオフセットを利用し、かつて活版が主流であった新聞も1980年代以降大部分オフセット化されている。

[山本隆太郎・中村 幹]

『日立印刷編著『オフセット印刷ガイドブック よりよい印刷物を作るために』(1983・印刷学会出版部)』『三菱重工業三原製作所編著『オフセット印刷機械の仕組みと正しい運転』(1992・日本印刷新聞社)』『日本印刷技術協会編・刊『オフセット印刷技術作業基本マニュアル』(1994)』『日本印刷技術協会編・刊『オフセット印刷技術――作業手順と知識』増補改訂版(2009)』

[参照項目] | 印刷 | 軽印刷 | 原色版印刷 | 写真植字 | 電算植字 | 平版印刷

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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