Toxoid - Toxoid (English spelling)

Japanese: トキソイド - ときそいど(英語表記)toxoid
Toxoid - Toxoid (English spelling)

Toxins produced by living organisms, such as bacterial exotoxins and snake venom, are detoxified with formaldehyde so as not to impair antigenicity. Toxoids for diphtheria, tetanus, and snake venom are in practical use. They are equivalent to a vaccine against bacteria, and when injected into the human body, they produce antibodies against the toxins, preventing damage caused by these toxins from appearing. In other words, they are used to prevent diphtheria and tetanus, and to prevent snake bites. To treat infection with diphtheria or tetanus, antitoxins that quickly neutralize the toxins are used to prevent the onset of the disease. Antitoxins are made by injecting the toxoid into a horse and isolating the serum from the blood in which antibodies have developed.

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are made by culturing the bacteria, adding formalin to the toxin produced in the culture medium, storing it at 37°C to detoxify and purify it, or by treating the purified toxin with formalin. The completely detoxified toxin is dialyzed to remove the formalin, and then components other than the toxin are removed and purified by salting out, fractionation with organic solvents, chromatography, electrophoresis, and other procedures. Toxoids are precipitated by adding aluminum potassium sulfate solution, and are made into precipitated toxoids, which have long-lasting effects. Products include diphtheria toxoid, precipitated diphtheria toxoid for adults, combined diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, precipitated combined diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, precipitated tetanus toxoid, and precipitated habu toxoid.

[Fumiji Koho]

[References] | Antivenom

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

細菌の菌体外毒素やヘビ毒など生物の産生する毒素を、抗原性を損じないようにホルムアルデヒドで無毒化したもの。ジフテリア、破傷風、ハブ毒のトキソイドが実用化されている。細菌に対するワクチンに相当するもので、人体に注射すると毒素に対する抗体ができて、これらの毒素による傷害が現れなくなる。すなわち、ジフテリアや破傷風の予防、ハブにかまれたときの予防に用いられる。ジフテリアや破傷風に感染した場合の治療には、毒素による発症を防ぐために、毒素の中和作用の速い抗毒素が用いられる。抗毒素は、トキソイドをウマに注射して、抗体のできた血液から血清を分離して製する。

 ジフテリアおよび破傷風トキソイドは、それらの菌を培養し、培養液中に産生された毒素にホルマリンを加えて37℃に保存して無毒化し、精製するか精製した毒素にホルマリンを作用させてつくる。完全に無毒化したものを透析してホルマリンを除き、さらに毒素以外の成分を塩析法、有機溶媒による分画、クロマトグラフィー、電気泳動などの操作で除去し精製する。これに硫酸アルミニウム・カリウム液を加えて沈降させたのが沈降トキソイドで、効果が持続する。製品として、ジフテリアトキソイド、成人用沈降ジフテリアトキソイド、ジフテリア破傷風混合トキソイド、沈降ジフテリア破傷風混合トキソイド、沈降破傷風トキソイド、沈降ハブトキソイドがある。

[幸保文治]

[参照項目] | 抗毒素製剤

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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