Karafuto - Karafuto

Japanese: 樺太 - からふと
Karafuto - Karafuto

A long chain of islands north of Hokkaido. Russian name: Sakhalin Сахалин/Sahalin. It is surrounded by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the east and the Sea of ​​Japan to the west. It is separated from the mainland by the Tatar Strait, and its narrowest point, the Mamiya Strait (Nevelskoy Channel), is only 7.3 kilometers wide and shallow. It is separated from Hokkaido by the Soya Strait, which is about 40 kilometers wide. It is 948 kilometers north to south, 160 kilometers wide at its widest point and 27 kilometers wide at its narrowest point from east to west. Its area is 76,400 square kilometers, slightly smaller than Hokkaido (the main island is 78,073 square kilometers). The Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation, including the Kuril Islands and surrounding islands, has an area of ​​87,100 square kilometers and a population of 591,000 (2001). The central city is Toyohara (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) at the southern tip, with a population of 179,900 (1999). Currently, about 80% of the residents are Russian, with Ukrainians (6%), Koreans (5%), Belarusians, Moldovans, and others. There are also small numbers of Gilyaks (Nivkhis) and Uiltas. South Sakhalin, located south of the 50th parallel, was owned by Japan from 1905 (Meiji 38) to 1945 (Showa 20), and so before World War II, about 380,000 Japanese people lived there. The Korean residents are those who were forced to relocate through Japan and remained.

[Tsuguo Tonokawa and Kazuo Watanabe]

Topography and Climate

The topography of the island is contrasting between the north and south. The north is dominated by wetlands and lowlands, while the south is mountainous, with two parallel mountain ranges running north to south (highest point 1,609 meters). The Tsimi-Poronai lowlands are sandwiched between the two mountain ranges. Cape Kita Shiretoko (Terpeniya) on the east side of the central part, Cape Naka Shiretoko (Aniwa) on the east side of the southern end, and Cape Nishinotoro (Kurilion) on the west side of the southern end all protrude southward, which is a notable feature. There are few islands attached to the island, including Seal Island (Chureni) off the coast of Kita Shiretoko Cape, and Kaiba Island (Moneron) off the west coast of Nishinotoro Cape. The monthly average temperatures are -23°C in January and 15°C in July in the north, and -9°C in January and 17°C in July in the south. The humidity is high (about the same as in Japan), and there are many foggy days in summer. The east coast is closed off by drifting ice for half the year, while the west coast is frozen over from November to March.

[Tsuguo Tonokawa and Kazuo Watanabe]

Cities and Industry

The fishing industry is thriving, with large catches of herring, salmon, trout, cod, king crab, and pollock. The hills and mountains are also rich in coniferous trees such as Yezo spruce, and the pulp industry is particularly thriving in the southern cities. Petroleum and natural gas are produced in the Okha oil field at the northern end, and are transported by pipeline across the Mamiya Strait to Komsomolsk on the Amur River. They are also transported by ship from the port of Moskalivo on the western side of the northern end. Companies have been established with Japanese capital, and are cooperating in the development of the continental shelf oil fields. Coal (5.3 million tons produced in 1974) is produced in Esutori (Uglegorsk) and other areas. Agriculture is mainly livestock farming, but rye, wheat, and potatoes are also harvested in the Tsimi-Poronai lowlands and the Suzuya plain in the south. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were 39 sovkhoz (state-run farms) and 10 kolkhoz (collective farms), but they are increasingly being converted into cooperative enterprises.

The southern part is the most developed, and in addition to Toyohara, there are cities such as Maoka (Kholmsk), Odomari (Korsakov), and Honto (Nevelsk). Other cities include Esutori, which is mainly based on coal mining and forestry, and Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, the former capital of Sakhalin, in the western part, Shisuka (Poronaysk), which is mainly based on forestry, in the eastern part, and Okha, which produces oil and natural gas, in the northern part, each with a population of 20,000 to 40,000.

[Tsuguo Tonokawa and Kazuo Watanabe]

history

When Europeans and Japanese arrived on the island in the early modern period, they found the Gilyak (Nivhi) in the north, the Uilta on the east coast of the central part, and the Ainu in the south. Many Neolithic ruins have been excavated in the south, and the history of settlement dates back to 2000 BC. However, the relationship between these Neolithic people and the later Sakhalin Ainu is unclear. Some scholars believe that the Ainu later migrated from Hokkaido. It was China that first tried to control this area. In particular, the Yuan Dynasty stationed guards here from the late 13th century to the early 14th century, and the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty placed the lower reaches of the Amur River and Sakhalin under the jurisdiction of the Nurkantosi. The Qing Dynasty also established a Manchu provisional capital in Deren on the banks of the Amur River, and the inhabitants of Sakhalin paid tribute to this place. Here they received Chinese products such as brocade in exchange for the furs, which they used in trade with Japanese in southern Sakhalin and northern Hokkaido (Santan trade).

[Tsuguo Tonokawa and Takeo Kuryuzawa]

The advance of Japanese and Russians

There are various theories about when the Japanese first arrived in Sakhalin. Some have argued that Sakhalin has been Japanese territory since the 2nd century BCE, that Abe no Hirafu conquered it when he defeated Mishihase in 658 (the 4th year of the reign of Emperor Saimei), that Nichiren's disciple Nichiji Shonin preached there in 1295 (the 3rd year of the Eijin era), and that Takeda Nobuhiro, the founder of the Matsumae clan, claimed Sakhalin as part of Ezochi in the 1450s, but none of these theories have any solid evidence. It is reasonable to assume that the first Japanese landed on Sakhalin (originally called Karafuto or Kita-Ezochi in Japan) in 1635 (the 12th year of the Kan'ei era) by a group of inspectors from the Matsumae clan. The following year, a Japanese expedition reached Taraka (Terpeniya) Bay. The Matsumae clan also sent inspectors in 1650 (Keian 3), 1689 (Genroku 2), and 1700 (Genroku 13), and opened a seasonal guardhouse in 1679 (Enpo 7). The Russians arrived in the 1640s, but there is no evidence that the Cossacks who are said to have "discovered" Sakhalin actually traveled to the island at that time. Other Europeans included the Dutch Frisians who arrived at Aniwa Bay in 1643 (Kan'ei 20). In any case, neither the Japanese nor the Russians managed Sakhalin seriously in the 17th century. The shogunate showed little interest in the remote area, and Russia, having been cut off from the Amur River after the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) concluded with the Qing dynasty, turned its attention to Kamchatka and the northern Kuril Islands. In the 18th century, Russians began to advance into Sakhalin by sea, gradually arousing the shogunate's vigilance. Scholars such as Kudo Heisuke, Hayashi Shihei, and Honda Toshiaki successively preached about the threat of the "Red Emishi," and the shogunate responded by dispatching inspectors to southern Sakhalin in 1786 (Tenmei 6), 1792 (Kansei 4), and 1798 (Kansei 10), and from 1807 to 1821 (Bunka 4 to Bunsei 4) the whole of Sakhalin was made a direct territory. During this time, Mamiya Rinzo explored Sakhalin twice (1808-09), discovered the Mamiya Strait, and confirmed that Sakhalin was an island. He crossed over to the mainland and reached Deren in the Qing Dynasty.

[Tsuguo Tonokawa and Takeo Kuryuzawa]

After the Treaty of Amity between Japan and Russia

The first agreement between Japan and Russia regarding Sakhalin was the Russo-Japanese Treaty of Amity (also known as the Treaty of Peace and Amity between Japan and Russia or the Treaty of Shimoda) of February 1855 (December 1st year of the Ansei era). This was also the first treaty in which Sakhalin appeared in an international treaty. Under this treaty, Sakhalin was decided to be jointly owned by Japan and Russia, but the Russians subsequently made remarkable advances and possession of Sakhalin gradually began to become a burden for the Japanese government. In 1875 (Meiji 8), the Treaty of St. Petersburg (Treaty for the Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kuril Islands) saw Japan give up Sakhalin in exchange for acquiring the Kuril Islands north of Uruppu Island. Later, following the Russo-Japanese War, the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) saw southern Sakhalin south of the 50th parallel become Japanese territory. From 1920 to 1925 (Taisho 9 to 14) after the Russian Revolution, Japan pursued the responsibility of the Soviet government for the Nikolaevsk Incident and occupied North Sakhalin, which was Soviet territory. Later, in 1945 (Showa 20) at the end of World War II, the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan and occupied Sakhalin, and thereafter came to control the entire territory as Sakhalin Oblast. Even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, it has continued to be controlled by the Russian Federation. In the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951 (Showa 26), Japan renounced its sovereignty over South Sakhalin and the surrounding islands. Today, the Japanese government does not directly assert sovereignty over South Sakhalin, but takes the position that its ownership should be settled in the future under international law.

[Tsuguo Togawa and Takeo Kuryuzawa]

"Thirty Years of Administration of the Sakhalin Prefecture, compiled by the Sakhalin Prefecture, Volumes 1 and 2 (1973, 1974, Hara Shobo, Meiji Centennial History Series)""Sakhalin and Northern Primorsky Krai, by Narita Yosaku and Prozorov (1983, Kokusho Kankokai)""The Lives of the Sakhalin Natural Peoples, by Yamamoto Sukehiro et al. (1979, Sagami Shobo)""Sakhalin: A History of the Conflict between Japan, China and the Soviet Union, by John Stephens, translated by Yasukawa Kazuo (1973, Hara Shobo)""Japanese-Russian Relations and Sakhalin Island, by Akizuki Toshiyuki (1994, Chikuma Shobo)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

北海道の北に、南北に長く連なる島。ロシア名サハリンСахалин/Sahalin。東はオホーツク海、西は日本海に囲まれる。大陸とはタタール海峡によって隔てられ、その最狭部にあたる間宮(まみや)海峡(ネベリスコイ水道)は幅7.3キロメートルしかなく、水深も浅い。北海道との間は宗谷海峡によって隔てられ、その幅は約40キロメートルである。南北948キロメートル、東西は最大部160キロメートル、最狭部27キロメートル。面積は7万6400平方キロメートルで、北海道(本島7万8073平方キロメートル)よりもわずかに小さい。ロシア連邦のサハリン州は、千島列島および周辺の諸島を含めて面積8万7100平方キロメートル、人口59万1000(2001)。中心都市は南端部の豊原(とよはら)(ユージノ・サハリンスク)で、人口17万9900(1999)。現在の住民の約8割はロシア人であり、ウクライナ人(6%)、朝鮮人(5%)、ベラルーシ人、モルドバ人などが住む。ほかに少数のギリヤーク(ニブヒ)、ウイルタらも住む。北緯50度以南の南樺太は1905年(明治38)から45年(昭和20)まで日本が領有していたため、第二次世界大戦前は約38万人の日本人が居住していた。朝鮮人の居住者は、日本を通じてやむなく移住させられ、残留した人たちである。

[外川継男・渡辺一夫]

地形・気候

地形は北部と南部で対照的な景観を示す。北部は湿地や低地が卓越し、南部は二条の山脈が並行して南北に走り(最高点1609メートル)、山がちである。二条の山脈の間にツィミ・ポロナイ低地を挟む。中部東側に北知床(きたしれとこ)(テルペニヤ)岬、南端部東側に中知床(アニワ)岬、南端部西側に西能登呂(にしのとろ)(クリリオン)岬がいずれも南に向けて突出するのは顕著な特徴である。属島は少なく、北知床岬沖に海豹(かいひょう)(チュレーニー)島、西能登呂岬西沖に海馬(かいば)(モネロン)島などがある。月平均気温は北部で1月零下23℃、7月15℃、南部で1月零下9℃、7月17℃。湿度は高く(日本と同じぐらい)、夏には霧がかかる日が多い。東海岸は半年間流氷に閉ざされ、西海岸は11月から3月まで結氷する。

[外川継男・渡辺一夫]

都市と産業

水産業が盛んで、ニシン、サケ、マス、タラ、タラバガニ、スケトウダラなどを多く漁獲する。また丘陵と山地にはエゾマツなどの針葉樹が多く、とくに南部の諸都市ではパルプ工業が盛んである。石油と天然ガスが北端のオハ油田に産し、パイプラインで間宮海峡を越え、アムール川沿いのコムソモリスクまで送られる。北端西側のモスカリボ港から船でも運び出される。わが国の資本も加わった企業が設立され、大陸棚油田の開発に協力が行われている。石炭(1974年産量530万トン)は恵須取(えすとる)(ウグレゴルスク)などに産する。農業は畜産を主とするが、ツィミ・ポロナイ低地と南部の鈴谷(すずや)平野ではライムギ、小麦、ジャガイモの収穫もみられる。ソ連解体以前は39のソフホーズ(国営農場)と10のコルホーズ(集団農場)があったが、協同企業化が進んでいる。

 南部はもっとも開発が進み、豊原のほか、真岡(まおか)(ホルムスク)、大泊(おおどまり)(コルサコフ)、本斗(ほんと)(ネベリスク)などの都市がある。このほか西部に炭鉱業と林業を主とする恵須取、サハリンの旧州都アレクサンドロフスク・サハリンスキー、東部に林業を主とする敷香(しすか)(ポロナイスク)、北部に石油と天然ガスを産するオハなどの諸都市があり、それぞれ2万~4万の人口を有する。

[外川継男・渡辺一夫]

歴史

近世になってヨーロッパ人や日本人が来島したとき、彼らの眼前にいたのは北部のギリヤーク(ニブヒ)、中部東岸のウイルタ、南部のアイヌであったが、南部では新石器時代の遺跡が多数発掘されており、定住の歴史は紀元前2000年にまでさかのぼる。だがこの新石器時代人と後の樺太アイヌとの関係はさだかでない。アイヌはのちに北海道から渡来したと考える学者もいる。この地を最初に支配しようとしたのは中国である。とくに元朝は13世紀末~14世紀初頭にこの地に警備隊を常駐させ、明(みん)朝の永楽帝はアムール川下流域と樺太を奴児干都司(ヌルカンとし)の管下に置いた。清(しん)朝もアムール川河畔のデレンに満州仮府を設け、樺太の住民はここに進貢した。彼らはここで毛皮の対価として錦などの中国産品を受け取り、これを樺太南部や北海道北部の日本人との交易に用いた(山丹(さんたん)交易)。

[外川継男・栗生沢猛夫]

日本人とロシア人の進出

樺太への日本人の進出時期については諸説がある。樺太は前2世紀以来日本の領土であること、658年(斉明天皇4)阿倍比羅夫(あべのひらふ)が粛慎(みしはせ)を討った際に樺太を征服したこと、日蓮(にちれん)の高弟日持上人(にちじしょうにん)が1295年(永仁3)布教を行ったこと、1450年代に松前藩の祖武田信広(たけだのぶひろ)が樺太を蝦夷地(えぞち)の一部として領有したこと、などが主張されることがあるが、いずれにも確たる根拠はない。日本人の最初の樺太(日本では最初、樺太、北蝦夷地などとよばれた)上陸は1635年(寛永12)、松前藩の巡見使一行によって行われたとみるのが妥当である。翌年の日本隊は多来加(たらいか)(テルペニヤ)湾に達した。松前藩はさらに、1650年(慶安3)、89年(元禄2)、1700年(元禄13)に巡見使を送り、1679年(延宝7)には季節的な番屋を開設した。ロシア人の進出は1640年代になってからであるが、このときに樺太を「発見」したと主張されているコサック部隊が実際に島に渡ったという証拠はない。他のヨーロッパ人ではオランダ人フリースが1643年(寛永20)に亜庭(あにわ)湾に到来した。いずれにせよ、17世紀には日本人もロシア人も樺太を本格的に経営することはなかった。幕府は僻遠(へきえん)の地に関心を示すことが少なかったし、ロシアも清(しん)朝との間に締結したネルチンスク条約(1689)後、アムール川から遮断されてしまい、カムチャツカや北千島方面に転じていったからである。18世紀になるとロシア人は海路樺太方面に進出を始め、しだいに幕府の警戒心を呼び起こした。工藤平助、林子平(しへい)、本多利明(としあき)らの学者が相次いで「赤蝦夷」の脅威を説き、幕府もこれに応じて、1786年(天明6)、92年(寛政4)、98年(寛政10)に南樺太に巡見使を派遣し、1807~21年(文化4~文政4)には樺太全域を直轄領とした。こうしたなかで間宮林蔵が二度にわたる樺太探検を行い(1808~09)、間宮海峡を発見し、樺太が島であることを確認した。彼は大陸に渡って、清国のデレンにまで達した。

[外川継男・栗生沢猛夫]

日露通好条約以後

樺太をめぐる日本、ロシア両国間の最初の協定は、1855年2月(安政元年12月)の日露通好条約(日露和親条約または下田(しもだ)条約ともいう)である。これは、そもそも樺太が国際条約に登場した最初の条約でもあった。これにより樺太は日本とロシアとの共同領有と決められたが、その後ロシア人の進出は目覚ましく、樺太領有は日本政府にとってしだいに負担になり始めた。1875年(明治8)サンクト・ペテルブルグ条約(樺太・千島交換条約)により、日本は樺太を放棄するかわりに、得撫(ウルップ)島以北の千島列島を獲得した。この後、日露戦争後のポーツマス条約(1905)で、北緯50度以南の南樺太は日本領となった。ロシア革命後の1920~25年(大正9~14)、日本は尼港(にこう)事件(ニコラエフスク事件)に対するソビエト政府の責任を追及して、ソ連領の北樺太を占領した。その後、第二次世界大戦末期の1945年(昭和20)ソ連は対日参戦するとともに樺太を占領し、以後、樺太全土をサハリン州として支配することとなった。91年12月ソ連解体後も引き続きロシア連邦が支配している。日本は1951年(昭和26)のサンフランシスコ講和条約で、南樺太およびその周辺の島に対する領有権を放棄した。今日、日本政府は南樺太に対し、正面きって領有権を主張することはないが、その帰属については、将来国際法によって決着がつけられるべきものであるとの立場をとっている。

[外川継男・栗生沢猛夫]

『樺太庁編『樺太庁施政三十年史』上下(1973、74・原書房・明治百年史叢書)』『成田与作、プロゾーロフ著『樺太及北沿海州』(1983・国書刊行会)』『山本祐弘他著『樺太自然民族の生活』(1979・相模書房)』『ジョン・ステファン著、安川一夫訳『サハリン――日・中・ソ抗争の歴史』(1973・原書房)』『秋月俊幸著『日露関係とサハリン島』(1994・筑摩書房)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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