Iron chloride

Japanese: 塩化鉄 - えんかてつ(英語表記)iron chloride
Iron chloride

Compounds of iron and chlorine. Compounds with oxidation numbers +II and +III, and compounds containing both +II and +III, are known.

(1) Iron(II) chloride (ferrous chloride) is found in natural iron, meteorites, volcanic eruptions, etc. In addition to the anhydrous form, there are di-, tetra-, and hexahydrates. The anhydrous form can be obtained by heating iron in dry hydrogen chloride. In the laboratory, it is convenient to prepare iron(III) chloride by heating it under reflux in chlorobenzene.


In industry, iron scraps are dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid and the supernatant liquid is concentrated to obtain a solution of iron(II) chloride. It is sold commercially in liquid form. The anhydrate is a pale greenish-white crystal that decomposes in moist air, turning from green-yellow to reddish-brown. It is highly soluble in water and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). When crystallized from an aqueous solution at room temperature, a pale green, deliquescent tetrahydrate precipitates. When the hydrate is heated in air, it decomposes to iron(II) oxide. It is used as a mordant, dye, pigment, and preparation.

(2) Iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride) is found naturally in volcanic eruptions and meteorites. In addition to the anhydrous form, there are many hydrates, including the hexahydrate. The anhydrous form is obtained by reacting iron powder with chlorine at relatively low temperatures. Another commonly used method is to dehydrate the hexahydrate with thionyl chloride.

In industry, a solution of iron(II) chloride is oxidized with chlorine to produce a solution of iron(III) chloride. This is concentrated and allowed to cool to obtain hydrate crystals. The anhydrate is a dark red crystal. It is deliquescent and dissolves well in water, alcohol, acetone, and ether. The hexahydrate is a yellowish brown crystal and is extremely deliquescent. It dissolves well in water, becomes highly acidic when hydrolyzed, and has a protein coagulating effect, so it is used as a hemostatic agent. It is also used as a metal plate etching solution (for nameplates, photoengraving, printed wiring, and scale plates), a flocculating precipitant, and a mordant. The anhydrate is used as an oxidizing agent, condensing agent, and chlorine intermediate in organic chemical reactions.

[Torii Yasuo]

[Supplementary Materials] | Ferrous chloride (Data Note 1) | Ferrous chloride (Data Note 2)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

鉄と塩素の化合物。酸化数+Ⅱおよび+Ⅲの化合物、+Ⅱと+Ⅲの両方を含む化合物が知られている。

(1)塩化鉄(Ⅱ)(塩化第一鉄) 自然鉄、隕石(いんせき)、火山噴出物などの中に存在する。無水和物のほか、二、四、六水和物などがある。無水和物は乾いた塩化水素中で鉄を赤熱すれば得られる。実験室では、塩化鉄(Ⅲ)をクロロベンゼンの環流下で加熱してつくるのが便利である。


 工業的には、鉄くずを濃塩酸に溶解し、その上澄み液を濃縮して塩化鉄(Ⅱ)の溶液を得ている。これは液状のまま市販される。無水和物は淡緑白色の結晶で、湿った空気中では分解して緑黄色から赤褐色に変わる。水、エタノール(エチルアルコール)によく溶ける。水溶液から室温で結晶させると、淡緑色、潮解性の四水和物が析出する。水和物は空気中で熱すれば分解して酸化鉄(Ⅱ)となる。媒染剤、染料、顔料、調剤などに用いられる。

(2)塩化鉄(Ⅲ)(塩化第二鉄) 天然には火山噴出物や隕石の中にみいだされることがある。無水和物のほかに、六水和物など多くの水和物がある。無水和物は、鉄粉を比較的低温で塩素と反応させることによって得られる。六水和物を塩化チオニルで脱水する方法もよく用いられる。

 工業的には、塩化鉄(Ⅱ)の溶液を塩素で酸化して塩化鉄(Ⅲ)の溶液とする。これを濃縮、放冷すれば水和物結晶が得られる。無水和物は暗赤色の結晶。潮解性があり、水、アルコール、アセトン、エーテルによく溶ける。六水和物は黄褐色の結晶で潮解性が著しい。水によく溶け、加水分解して強酸性を示し、タンパク凝固作用があるので止血剤に用いられる。そのほかに金属板腐食液(ネームプレート、写真製版、プリント配線、目盛板)、凝集沈殿剤、媒染剤などに用いられる。無水和物には有機化学反応における酸化剤、縮合剤、塩素の逓伝(ていでん)体などの用途がある。

[鳥居泰男]

[補完資料] | 塩化鉄(データノート1) | 塩化鉄(データノート2)

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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