Chain reaction

Japanese: 連鎖反応 - れんさはんのう(英語表記)chain reaction
Chain reaction

This is a reaction in which several reactions occur in succession, and one of the reaction products is reincorporated into the reactant, repeatedly generating and disappearing.

[Yamazaki Akira]

Chemical

This concept was first proposed by the German chemist Bodenstein (1913), and later confirmed by Nernst in 1918 in the photochemical reaction of chlorine detonation gas (a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine). The reaction process is shown in the figure . In this case, chlorine atoms are produced by light absorption (equation (1) in the figure), which react with hydrogen molecules to produce hydrogen chloride and hydrogen atoms (equation (2) in the figure). When hydrogen atoms react with chlorine molecules, they become hydrogen chloride and chlorine atoms (equation (3) in the figure), and these chlorine atoms react with hydrogen molecules again.

The chlorine atoms produced in this way are used again as part of the reaction system. These are called chain links. In the example shown in the figure , both the chlorine atoms and the hydrogen atoms are chain links. The occurrence of a chain reaction in this way is called chain growth. When the components are eventually used up, the chain links disappear and the reaction terminates. This process is called chain termination (equation (4) in the figure).

In addition to the repetition of such a relatively simple cycle, a chain may branch out, and two or more chain links may be produced from one chain link. In such cases, the reaction progresses at an accelerated rate. This is the case with reactions such as explosions. In polymerization reactions, the active site may migrate to the terminal group with each reaction, resulting in a chain-like polymer. This is also a type of chain reaction and is called chain polymerization.

[Yamazaki Akira]

Physics

Many physical phenomena are chain reactions, but the term is especially used in atomic energy, such as nuclear fission chain reactions. Uranium-235 absorbs fast neutrons and splits, releasing two or three fast neutrons. If the amount of uranium-235 present is adequate, at least one of the released neutrons will be absorbed by another uranium-235 nucleus and the fission will continue. In this way, the conditions for a chain reaction are maintained and the fission reaction continues. Naturally, the conditions for a chain reaction differ depending on the material system. A chain reaction will proceed when a certain amount of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 solidifies. This minimum amount is called the critical amount. In this case, the chain reaction will end in a nuclear explosion in a few millionths of a second. When light atomic nuclei collide with an energy that exceeds the Coulomb repulsion (repulsive force) within the nuclei, they will fuse to form new atomic nuclei and release energy. The energy released during this process can maintain the high temperature of the gas, and if the collisions of atomic nuclei continue, a nuclear fusion chain reaction will be realized. The chain reaction that occurs is given by the Lawson condition, which is the conditions for the density, temperature, and maintenance time of the ultra-high temperature gas (plasma). In the case of a nuclear fusion chain reaction of deuterions (D, deuterons) and tritium (T, tritons) → α (alpha) particles + neutrons, the Lawson condition is a temperature of 40 million degrees Celsius or more, and a product of density and maintenance time of 10 14 sec/cm 3 or more. With current technology, it is possible to achieve the plasma temperature and density conditions for a short period of time, but it is difficult to continue the reaction for a long period of time and to solve problems such as the radioactivity and embrittlement of the container due to the generated neutrons, so there is no prospect of realizing a chain reaction.

[Hajime Tanaka and Ikuyoshi Kato]

[References] | Chlorine detonation gas | Nuclear fusion | Nuclear fusion reactor | Nernst | Plasma | Bodenstein
Chain reaction (photochemical reaction process) [Diagram]
©Shogakukan ">

Chain reaction (photochemical reaction process) [Diagram]


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

いくつかの反応が連続しておこり、その反応生成物のうちの一つがふたたび反応体の中に組み込まれていき、何度も生成・消滅を繰り返しながら進行する反応をいう。

[山崎 昶]

化学

この概念を提出したのはドイツのボーデンシュタイン(1913)であるが、のち1918年にネルンストが塩素爆鳴気(水素と塩素の混合気体)の光化学反応において確証した。にその反応過程を示す。この場合、光吸収によって塩素原子が生じる(図の式(1))が、これが水素分子と反応して塩化水素と水素原子を生じる(図の式(2))。水素原子が塩素分子と反応すると塩化水素と塩素原子になる(図の式(3))が、この塩素原子がふたたび水素分子と反応する。

 このようにして生成した塩素原子はふたたび反応系の一員として用いられる。これを連鎖連絡体という。の例では塩素原子、水素原子ともに連鎖連絡体である。連鎖反応がこのようにおこることを連鎖成長という。やがて成分が使い尽くされると、連鎖連絡体は消滅し、反応は終結する。この過程を連鎖停止という(図の式(4))。

 このような比較的簡単なサイクルの繰り返しのほかに、連鎖から枝分れが生じて、一つの連鎖連絡体から二つ以上の連鎖連絡体の生成がおこることがある。このような場合は反応は加速度的に進行する。爆発などの反応がそうである。重合反応では活性点が個々の反応のたびに末端基に移動して鎖状の重合体が生じることがあるが、これも一種の連鎖反応であり連鎖重合とよばれる。

[山崎 昶]

物理

物理現象にも連鎖的であるものが少なくないが、核分裂の連鎖反応など原子力に関係した場合にとくによく用いられる。ウラン235は速い中性子を吸収して分裂するが、このとき速い中性子を2個ないし3個放出する。ウラン235の存在量が適当であれば、この際に放出される中性子のうち少なくとも1個は別のウラン235の原子核に吸収され分裂を繰り返す。こうして連鎖反応の条件が保たれ核分裂反応が継続する。当然、連鎖反応の条件は物質系によって異なる。ウラン235やプルトニウム239が一定量固まれば連鎖反応が進行する。この量の最小値を臨界量という。この場合、連鎖反応は核爆発で100万分の数秒で終わる。軽い原子核を原子核内のクーロンの斥力(反発力)を超えるエネルギーで衝突させると、融合して新しい原子核を形成してエネルギーを放出する。この際に放出されたエネルギーがガスの高温状態を維持することができ、原子核の衝突が進行すれば核融合連鎖反応が実現する。このときの連鎖反応は超高温ガス(プラズマ)の密度、温度と維持時間に対する条件、すなわちローソン条件で与えられる。ジュウテロン(D、重陽子)、トリチウム(T、三重陽子)→α(アルファ)粒子+中性子の核融合連鎖反応の場合では、ローソン条件は温度が4000万℃以上で、密度と維持時間の積は1014sec/cm3以上である。現在の技術では、短時間プラズマの温度と密度の条件を実現できるが、長時間継続させることや、発生した中性子による容器の放射化・脆化(ぜいか)などの問題解決がむずかしく、連鎖反応を実現させる見通しがたっていない。

[田中 一・加藤幾芳]

[参照項目] | 塩素爆鳴気 | 核融合 | 核融合炉 | ネルンスト | プラズマ | ボーデンシュタイン
連鎖反応(光化学反応の過程)〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

連鎖反応(光化学反応の過程)〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Concurrent affairs - Tsurane

>>:  Chain drama

Recommend

Anvil

...On the other hand, static mechanical compressi...

Prescription - Shohosen

This is a document that a doctor or dentist must ...

Hanayama Innagachika

A poet of the Northern and Southern Courts and ea...

Iai Kenchu ​​- Iai Kenchu

…In ancient times, it was called kenden, in the M...

Burma

...A small, white saprophytic plant (illustration...

Scarabaeus typhon (English spelling) Scarabaeustyphon

…[Shinichi Nakayama]. … *Some of the terminology ...

Kitagawa

This is the former town area in the north-central ...

Moreno, M.

…Mexican comedian. Real name Mario Moreno. He mad...

Basal body

...Microtubule structures are thus related to cel...

Heart of the gills - Heart of the gills

…The gill circulation, which requires particularl...

Steam power plant; steam power station

A device that uses steam as the working fluid and ...

Kana Seiri - Kana Seiri

...It has also been pointed out that the view of ...

System - system (English spelling)

It refers to a "whole" formed by each c...

advanced thermal reactor

…Advanced thermal reactor A heavy water moderated...

oleoresin

…Extracts contain coloring matter, oils, resins, ...