This refers to the process of heating and melting a solid alkali hydroxide, and reacting various substances that are poorly soluble in water in it to make them water-soluble. In inorganic compounds, this method is often used to decompose metal oxides, sulfides, silicates, etc. that are difficult to dissolve in acid. For example, by mixing sodium hydroxide (melting point 328°C) and a sample well and heating it at about 500°C for an hour, it is often possible to make the substance soluble. In these operations, an oxidizing agent may be added, and containers made of iron, nickel, gold, silver, etc. that are not affected by alkali even at high temperatures are used. Organic compounds often contain a small amount of water, and are usually reacted at 200-350°C. For example, fatty acids decompose into acids with two fewer carbon atoms than the original acid and acetic acid, and aromatic halogen-substituted compounds and sulfonic acids become phenols. In industry, it is widely used in the manufacture of dyes, etc. [Nakahara Katsunori] [References] | | | | | | | acids|Halides| | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
固体の水酸化アルカリを熱して融解させ、その中で水に難溶性の種々の物質を反応させて水溶性の物質にすることなどをいう。無機化合物では、酸に溶けにくい金属の酸化物、硫化物、ケイ酸塩などを分解するのにこの方法がよく用いられる。たとえば、水酸化ナトリウム(融点328℃)と試料とをよく混ぜ、500℃程度で1時間加熱すると、多くの場合、可溶性の物質とすることができる。これらの操作には酸化剤を加えることもあり、また容器としては鉄、ニッケル、金、銀などの高温でもアルカリにおかされないものを使う。有機化合物では少量の水が含まれることが多く、普通200~350℃で反応させるが、たとえば、脂肪酸ではもとの酸よりも炭素が2原子少ない酸と酢酸とに分解し、芳香族ハロゲン置換体、スルホン酸などはフェノールとなる。工業的には染料の製造などに広く用いられる。 [中原勝儼] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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