Regalien; regalia

Japanese: レガーリエン(英語表記)Regalien; regalia
Regalien; regalia
A general term for the various privileges that the kings had in medieval Europe, including the right to mint money, collect customs duties, hunt, mine, harvest salt, open markets, and protect the Jews. Regalia is a unique right that combines the characteristics of both public and private rights. It was an important basis for the existence of absolutist monarchy in the early modern period, and in Germany, since Emperor Frederick II (reigned 1220-50), this right gradually passed into the hands of the feudal lords and played an important role in establishing feudal sovereignty. In modern states, it has been altered or abolished, and even in Germany, where this right remained until relatively recently, by the mid-19th century it only had a meaning as a restriction on the ownership of citizens. In medieval Germany, the secular rights of the bishopric or the intermediate revenue rights of the king when the bishopric was vacant were sometimes called Regalia.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
中世ヨーロッパで国王のもっていた収益を伴う諸特権の総称。貨幣鋳造権,関税徴収権,狩猟権,鉱業権,採塩権,市場開設権,ユダヤ人保護権などが含まれる。レガーリエンは公権および私権の2性質を兼ねそなえた独自の権利で,近代初期の絶対主義王権存立の重要な基礎となったほか,ドイツでは皇帝フリードリヒ2世 (在位 1220~50) 以来この権利が次第に領邦諸侯の手に移り,領邦君主権の確立に重要な役割を果した。近代国家では,これは変質あるいは廃止され,比較的最近までこの権利が残されていたドイツにおいても,19世紀中頃には,国民の所有権に対する制限としての意味しかもたなくなった。なお中世ドイツでの特別の用語法として,司教教会のもつ世俗権,あるいは司教座空位の場合の国王の中間収益権をレガーリエンと呼ぶことがある。

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