Profit management

Japanese: 利益管理 - りえきかんり(英語表記)profit management
Profit management

In modern times, it means a series of management activities consisting of profit planning beforehand and profit control that guides the execution of the plan and analyzes and reflects on it afterwards. Traditionally, organizational budget systems were developed mainly in ex post facto budget control (later budget management), where top management instructs each department to spend within a certain limit, analyzes the difference between the actual results and the budget after the execution of the budget, and takes corrective measures as necessary. From a simple conceptual standpoint, this type of budget control can be considered the start of profit management in the narrow sense, but in reality, the traditional budget control function did not have the power to develop it into a comprehensive profit management of the company. Rather, it can be said that the subsequent development of business planning theory promoted the creation of modern profit management. In other words, in today's era, when companies are becoming huge, industrial structures are changing radically, and predictions of economic fluctuations and other factors are important factors in business strategies, it is essential for corporate management to have a unified and orderly execution plan for various corporate activities. The period budget created based on such a situation must be a short-term profit plan itself. The process of formulating such plans involves selectively deciding on such issues as demand forecasts, product mix, and whether to lease or buy, and since the 1960s, mathematical and statistical techniques combined with computers have been rapidly developed to solve these problems. Furthermore, short-term profit plans must, in principle, be consistent with long-term profit plans covering a period of several years. Long-term profit plans are usually integrated with a general desired target profit rate, which is considered to mean a stable average profit rate over the long term. The most central decision-making issue within this long-term planning is the strategic capital investment plan. The execution of these plans must be precisely controlled to achieve comprehensive profit management.

[Tokai Mikio]

"How to Make Profit Plans and Specific Measures for Profit Management -- Explained in 90 Charts" by Hideki Usumi (1996, Keirin Shobo)""Financial Management and Accounting -- Basics and Applications" by Norihiko Fujii, 3rd Edition (2006, Chuo Keizaisha)"Management Accounting -- Aiming for Value Creation" by Susumu Ueno, 4th Edition (2008, Tax Accounting Association)"

[Reference] | Management accounting | Business planning | Capital investment | Budget management

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

現代的には、企業活動の事前における利益計画と、その実行を誘導し、事後的に分析・反省する利益統制とからなる一連の管理活動を意味する。従来、組織の予算制度は、トップ・マネジメントが各部署に対して一定の枠内での支出を指示し、この予算の執行活動の終了後に、その実績と予算との差異を分析し、必要に応じて是正措置を講ずるといった、事後的な予算統制(後の予算管理)を中心に展開された。単純な概念論からすれば、このような予算統制を狭義の利益管理のスタートと考えることもできるが、現実には、従来の予算統制機能には、これを企業の総合的な利益マネジメントに発展させるだけの力はなかった。むしろ、その後の経営計画論の発展が、現代的な利益管理の生成を促したといってよい。すなわち、今日のように、企業規模が巨大化し、産業構造が革新的に変動し、景気変動その他の予測が重要な経営戦略の要因になっている時代においては、企業の諸活動について統一的かつ整然とした実行計画をもつことは企業経営に不可欠なものとなっている。そのような状況を踏まえて作成される期間予算は、短期のプロフィット・プランそのものでなければならない。このような計画策定のプロセスには、需要予測や、生産品ミックス、リースか購入かなどの諸問題を選択的に決定していく過程が含まれるが、これらの問題解決には1960年代以降、コンピュータと結合した数学的、統計的な諸技法が急速に開発されてきている。さらに、短期の利益計画は、原則として数年の期間を対象とした長期利益計画と整合的でなければならない。通常、長期利益計画は、大綱的な希望目標利益率によって統合されるが、この利益率は、長期の安定化した平均的利益率を意味すると考えられている。この長期計画のなかでもっとも中核となる意思決定問題は、戦略的な設備投資計画である。これらの諸計画の実行が的確にコントロールされて総合的な利益管理となる。

[東海幹夫]

『宇角英樹著『利益計画のたて方と利益管理の具体策――90の図表でわかる』(1996・経林書房)』『藤井則彦著『財務管理と会計――基礎と応用』第3版(2006・中央経済社)』『上埜進著『管理会計――価値創出をめざして』第4版(2008・税務経理協会)』

[参照項目] | 管理会計 | 経営計画 | 設備投資 | 予算管理

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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