Abbreviation for Folk Crafts. It refers to everyday items made by the common people that are functional, healthy, and beautiful, and the activities involved in their creation. It was proposed by Muneyoshi Yanagi in the late Taisho period (1920s). It aimed to highlight the quality and aesthetic value of handicrafts, which had previously been called "gemonomono" (inferior crafts) and ignored by the art world. Folk crafts from Korea, Okinawa, and other parts of Japan from the Edo period to the early Showa period were introduced in the feature magazine "Kogei" (1931-1951, 120 issues published), and in 1936 (Showa 11), the Japan Folk Crafts Museum was established in Komaba, Tokyo, becoming the base of the folk craft movement. The Mingei Movement gained popularity through the activities of representative artists of this movement, such as Kawai Kanjiro, Hamada Shoji, and Serizawa Keisuke, in the Kokugakai, and through the sympathy of foreign artists such as Bernard Leach. This led to a kind of boom in the Mingei style and Mingei hobby. However, the main purpose of the Mingei Movement was not a hobby or a mood, but to clarify the original characteristics of folk crafts, to recognize the beauty of the crafts, and to preserve, spread, and revive the techniques. It advocated the following points: (1) Practicality: Made for the purpose of actual use in everyday life. It must be made with carefully selected materials and precise, skilled techniques, and easy to use. It must also have a beautiful design without waste, and be sturdy and simple in its functionality. (2) Popularity: No signature of the artist must be included. The makers and users are ordinary people, and the crafts are not made by a specific artist, nor for a specific individual. Therefore, in principle, the work is unsigned, and folk crafts are those that have selfless beauty and power. (3) Handmade: Mass-produced items made by machines are not considered folk crafts. Japanese handicrafts were influenced by China and Korea in the early days, but as time went on, Japan developed its own materials and methods, and made remarkable progress especially during the 300 years of the Edo period. Today, many parts of crafts rely on machines, but originally, they were limited to those that started out as handicrafts. (4) Regionality: Making use of the traditions and characteristics of the region. In castle towns with long histories, various crafts developed under the protection of feudal lords. In addition, because Japan stretches from north to south, the natural environment in each region is different in terms of both geography and materials, and the materials and uses of each region are influenced by the climate and environment of each region, resulting in the creation of a wide variety of folk crafts. (5) Plenty and low price: In order to be used daily by the people, plentifulness, so that they are always in demand, is an essential requirement. The scarcity prices of fine art, which are unique, do not apply to folk crafts. With a certain level of mass production, the technology becomes more reliable, the price becomes more stable, and the product becomes more affordable. However, mass production at low prices should not mean that the product is of poor quality. In addition to the above, other conditions include that the materials must be natural and not man-made. The folk craft movement advocated by Yanagi Muneyoshi has spread nationwide, and the word "folkcraft," which he coined, has come to be used widely overseas as well. On the other hand, traditional handicrafts are rapidly disappearing due to mechanization and cheap factory products, and old-fashioned handmade folk crafts are now treated as antiques, sometimes even fetching high prices on par with works of art, far from the original purpose of providing large quantities at low prices. In terms of materials, it is becoming difficult to even obtain natural materials. The challenge for the future is to see how folk crafts can be adapted to society so that they are not simply a nostalgic hobby or a retro fashion, and the movement's target objectives can be adapted to suit society. [Shinichi Nagai] "Muneyoshi Yanagi's 'Forty Years of Folk Crafts' (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Hiromi Iwai and Eiji Fukuda (eds.) 'Japanese Museums 2: The Beauty of Folk Crafts - Traditional Crafts Museums' (1982, Kodansha)" [Reference] |This art museum was planned by Muneyoshi Yanagi, a proponent of the folk art movement, and his comrades. It was founded in 1936 (Showa 11). It has a collection of about 17,000 items, including ceramics, textiles, and other crafts, folk tools, as well as paintings and sculptures. The photo shows the West Wing Nagayamon Gate. Meguro Ward, Tokyo ©Yutaka Sakano "> Japan Folk Crafts Museum Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
民衆の工芸品の略語。民衆の間でつくられた日常の生活用具のうち、機能的で健康な美しさをもつ工芸品とその制作活動。大正末期(1920年代)に柳宗悦(むねよし)によって提唱された。それまで下手物(げてもの)とよばれて美術の分野から無視されていた日用雑器に光をあて、手仕事のよさと美的な価値を認めようというもの。朝鮮、沖縄や日本各地の江戸時代から昭和初期の民芸品が特集形式の雑誌『工芸』(1931~51、全120冊刊行)などに紹介され、1936年(昭和11)には東京・駒場(こまば)に日本民芸館が設立されて、民芸運動の拠点となった。この運動の代表的作家河井寛次郎(かんじろう)、浜田庄司(しょうじ)、芹沢銈介(せりざわけいすけ)らの国画会による実作活動や、バーナード・リーチら海外作家の共鳴によって人々の関心を集め、民芸運動は普及し、これに便乗した民芸調とか民芸趣味といった一種のブームを呼び起こした。しかし民芸運動の本旨は趣味やムードではなく、民芸品が本来の特性を明らかにし、その工芸美を認識し、技術の保存・普及・復興を図ろうというもので、その主張は次の諸点である。(1)実用性 一般生活に実際に使われる目的で制作されたもの。吟味された材料で正確かつ熟練した技術によってつくられ、使い勝手のよいものでなければならない。かつ、むだのないデザインの美しさと、堅牢(けんろう)で素朴な機能性が要求される。(2)民衆性 作者の銘を入れないこと。つくる者も使う者も一般民衆であって、特定の芸術家の作ではなく、また特定の個人のためにつくられたものでもない。したがって作品は原則として無銘であり、無私の美しさと力を備えているものが民芸品である。(3)手仕事であること 機械による大量生産品は民芸品とはいわない。日本の手仕事は初期においては中国や朝鮮からの影響を受けたが、時代の進むにつれて日本独自の材料や手法をもつに至り、とくに江戸時代300年の間に著しい発展を遂げた。現在は機械に頼る部分も多くなってはいるが、本来は手仕事から出発したものに限られる。(4)地方性 その地方の伝統と特色を生かしたものであること。歴史の古い城下町では藩公の保護のもとにいろいろな工芸が発達した。また日本は南北に長い地形をもっているため、地理的にも材料的にも、各地の自然は異なった様態を示し、それぞれの土地の気候風土によって素材や利用目的が影響を受け、多種多様な民芸品が生まれた。(5)多数性と低価格 民衆の日々の用にあてるためには、いつでも求められるという多数性は不可欠の要件である。一点主義の美術品のような希少価格は民芸品には通用しない。ある程度の量産によって技術は確実なものとなり、価格も安定し、買い求めやすくなる。しかし、多数安価であっても粗製乱造であってはならない。 以上のほかに、材料は人造資材によらず、天然材料によることなどが条件にあげられる。 柳宗悦が唱えた民芸運動は全国的な広がりをみせ、彼の造語になる「民芸」folkcraftの語は海外にも広く通用するようになった。その一方で、伝統的な手工芸の民芸品は、機械化と低廉な工場製品に押されて急速に姿を消し、昔ながらの手作りの民芸品は現在ではむしろ骨董品(こっとうひん)扱いされ、美術品なみの高値をよぶことさえあり、当初の安価多数供給の目的とはほど遠くなっている。材料的にも天然材料を入手すること自体が困難になってきている。民芸が単なる懐古趣味やレトロブームでなく、運動の対象目的をどのように社会に適応させていくかが、今後の課題であろう。 [永井信一] 『柳宗悦著『民芸四十年』(岩波文庫)』▽『岩井宏美・福田栄治編『日本の博物館2 民芸の美――伝統工芸博物館』(1982・講談社)』 [参照項目] |民芸運動の提唱者柳宗悦を中心とする同志により企画された美術館。1936年(昭和11)創設。陶磁器や織物をはじめとする工芸品、民具のほか、絵画、彫刻など、約1万7000点を収蔵する。写真は西館長屋門。東京都目黒区©Yutaka Sakano"> 日本民芸館 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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