Beneficium

Japanese: ベネフィキウム（英語表記）beneficium

It is translated as "the beneficium system." In the European feudal system, a feudal lord granted fiefs (land) to his vassals. Beneficium means favor, and was originally used to indicate the form in which a feudal lord would lend money, usufruct, land, etc. to clergy, women, and unfree people, but gradually came to mean lending land to his vassals' cavalry. The cavalry who received the land loan only had to fulfill military duties. Lending land to cavalry became common from the early Carolingian period, and church lands collected along with royal lands (later land was rented from the church and lent to cavalry) were used for this purpose. When combined with the vassal system, it was a factor in the establishment of the feudal system.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

「恩貸地制度」と訳される。ヨーロッパ封建制度において封建君主が家臣に封土 (土地) を授与する制度。ベネフィキウムは恩恵を意味する言葉で，当初は，封建君主が金銭，用益権，土地などを聖職者，婦人，不自由民などに貸与する形式を示す言葉として使われたが，次第に家臣の騎兵に土地を貸与する意味となった。土地の貸与を受けた騎兵は軍事的義務だけを負えばよかった。カロリング朝初期から土地を騎兵に貸与することが頻繁に行われるようになり，王領とともに収公した教会領 (のちに教会から土地を借り，騎兵に貸す形式をとった) をこれにあてた。従士制と結びついて封建制度成立の要因となった。

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