The policy adopted by Prussian Chancellor O. Bismarck during the unification of Germany. After the March Revolution of 1848 and the subsequent failure of the Frankfurt National Assembly to unify Germany, Bismarck became Chancellor of Prussia in 1862 and expanded the military without holding a parliamentary session. In 1863, he invited Austria to declare war on Denmark, placing the two states under its control. In 1866, he declared war on Austria (→Prussian-Austrian War), dissolved the German Confederation, and established the North German Confederation excluding Austria, placing the governing power of the confederation under the King of Prussia. In 1870, he won the war against France under the Second Empire (→ Franco-Prussian War), and on January 18, 1871, the coronation of Prussian King Wilhelm I as German Emperor was held in Versailles, achieving the long-cherished goal of German unification. On September 29, 1862, one week after he became chancellor, he argued with the Prussian parliament's budget committee over budgetary deliberations and military reform, declaring that the current major problems could not be solved by words or majority votes, but only by iron and blood. From this point on, Bismarck's policy of German unification through military force came to be called the "Iron and Blood Policy." Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ドイツ統一の際,プロシアの宰相 O.ビスマルクがとった政策。 1848年のドイツ三月革命,その後のフランクフルト国民議会によるドイツ統一の失敗ののち,62年プロシアの宰相に就任したビスマルクは議会を停会したまま軍備拡張を実行し,63年オーストリアを誘ってデンマークに宣戦し,2つの州をその支配下においた。さらに 66年にはオーストリアに宣戦し (→プロシア=オーストリア戦争 ) ,ドイツ連邦の解体とオーストリアを除外する北ドイツ連邦を成立させ,連邦の統治権をプロシア王のもとにおいた。また,70年には,第二帝政下のフランスとの戦争 (→普仏戦争 ) に勝利を収め,71年1月 18日ベルサイユにおいて,プロシア王ウィルヘルム1世のドイツ帝国皇帝としての戴冠式を行い,宿願のドイツ統一を達成した。宰相就任1週間後の 62年9月 29日プロシア議会の予算委員会において,議会と予算審議権や軍制改革について争い,言論や多数決によっては現下の大問題は解決しない,鉄と血によってのみ問題は解決されると宣言した。ここから,ビスマルクの武力によるドイツ統一政策を鉄血政策と呼ぶようになった。
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