It is a modern form of sport mountaineering. It can mean mountaineering in general, but strictly speaking, it means mountaineering that is more difficult and requires advanced climbing techniques. This term was born in the late 19th century, when mountaineering aimed at being the first to reach the summit of high mountains in the European Alps became popular. Originally, many peoples believed that gods or demons lived in mountains, and generally hated approaching them. If people climbed mountains, it was limited to those who did so for religious purposes, combat purposes, or to hunt and gather plants and animals or collect mineral resources. However, the modern European spirit freed people from the curse of the gods and paved the way for modern mountaineering, which finds infinite joy in the act of climbing itself. The pioneer of this was the Italian poet Petrarch. In 1336, he climbed Mount Bantu (1,912m) in Provence, southern France, and wrote a letter about his impressions at the time. According to the letter, he attempted this climb solely for the view at the summit. After that, in 1358, B. Lothario climbed the snow-capped Mount Rocciamerone (3,537m), and in 1492, Antoine de Bill and others succeeded in reaching the summit of Mount Monteguille using a rope for the first time. Thus, the path to modern mountaineering was gradually opened up, but the main purpose of mountaineering was still faith, plant collection, surveying, glacier research, etc. The beginning of so-called modern alpinism as mountaineering was the ascent of Mont Blanc (4,810m) in 1786. Swiss naturalist HB de Saussure Horace Benedict de Saussure (1740-1799) proposed to offer a prize to the first person to reach the summit of Mont Blanc, and Chamonix doctor MG Paccard and guide (crystal miner) J. Balma responded to this proposal. In the 19th century, mountaineering in the European Alps became more and more popular. In particular, the activities of the British ushered in the golden age of Alpine climbing. Climbing techniques also developed rapidly, along with the development of various tools. In 1865, E. Whymper succeeded in the first ascent of the Matterhorn (4,478m), which was said to be impregnable, after seven attempts. However, four members of his team fell to their deaths on the way down, and discussions about the safety of mountaineering intensified. Undeterred, the competition to be the first to ascend under more difficult conditions continued. Thus, people began to attempt increasingly difficult climbs, such as taking more difficult routes, changing from rock walls to ice walls, from vertical climbing to overhanging climbing, and even climbing in the harsh winter. Among the Japanese, Maki Aritsune traveled to Switzerland in 1920 and became the first person to successfully climb the eastern ridge of the Eiger in 1921, joining the ranks of world mountaineers. Through Maki, alpinism gradually took root in Japan. →Related topics: Crampons | Alps [mountain range] | Rock climbing Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information |
近代的なスポーツ登山のこと。登山一般を意味することもあるが,厳密にはより難易度の高い,高度な登山技術を必要とする登山のことを意味する。ヨーロッパ・アルプス地方の高山の,初登頂をめざす登山が盛んに行われるようになった19世紀後半に,このことばが生まれた。 もともと山には神が住むとか,魔物が住むとする民族が多く,一般的には山に近づくことを忌み嫌っていた。もし山に登るとすれば,信仰目的か,戦闘目的か,あるいは,動植物の狩猟採集や鉱物資源を採集する人びとに限定されていた。しかし,ヨーロッパ近代の精神は,神々の呪縛(じゅばく)から人びとを自由にするとともに,山に登ることそのものに限りない喜びを見出す近代登山に道をひらくこととなった。その先駆けとなったのが,イタリアの詩人ペトラルカであった。彼は1336年,南フランス・プロバンスのバントゥー山(1912m)に登り,その時の感動を書簡にしたためた。その書簡によれば,彼はひたすら山頂での眺望を得たくてこの登山を試みた,という。以後,1358年にはB.ロタリオが雪をいただくロッチャメロネ山(3537m)に登り,1492年にはアントアーヌ・ド・ビユらが初めてザイルを用いてモンテギーユ山の登頂に成功した。こうして徐々に近代登山への道が開かれていったが,それでも登山の主な目的は,信仰や植物採集,測量,氷河研究などに置かれていた。 いわゆる近代登山としてのアルピニズムの幕開けとなったのは,1786年,アルプスの最高峰モン・ブラン(4810m)の登頂である。スイスの自然科学者H.B.deソシュールHorace Benedict de Saussure〔1740−1799〕が,モン・ブランの初登頂者には賞金を出すと提案し,これに応えたのがシャモニーの医者M.G.パカールと案内人(水晶取り)J.バルマである。19世紀に入るとヨーロッパ・アルプスの登山はますます盛んになる。とりわけ,英国人の活躍によってアルプス登山の黄金時代を迎える。登山技術も,さまざまな小道具の開発とともに,急速に発展していった。1865年には,E.ウィンパーが難攻不落といわれたマッターホルン(4478m)の初登頂に7回の挑戦ののちに成功。しかし,下山途中に4人の隊員が墜落死し,登山の安全性をめぐる議論が高まった。それにもめげずに,より困難な条件のもとでの初登攀(とうはん)の競争が続く。こうして,より困難なルートをたどったり,岩壁から氷壁へ,垂直登攀からオーバーハングoverhang登攀へ,さらには,厳冬期の登攀へとますます難易度の高い登攀がこころみられるようになった。日本人としては槙有恒が,1920年にスイスに渡り,1921年アイガー東山稜初登攀に成功して,世界の登山家の仲間入りをはたした。日本のアルピニズムはこの槇をとおして徐々に定着していった。 →関連項目アイゼン|アルプス[山脈]|ロッククライミング 出典 株式会社平凡社百科事典マイペディアについて 情報 |
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