Mill, John Stuart

Japanese: ミル（英語表記）Mill， John Stuart

Born: May 20, 1806, London
[Died] May 8, 1873. Avignon British thinker and economist. Eldest son of J. Mill. Grown up with a strict education from his father, he was active as a philosophical radical debater from his teens. In 1823 he joined the East India Company in London, where he remained until 1856. A spiritual crisis in 1826 marked a turning point for him, as he broke away from his narrow-minded view of Benthamism and became interested in German humanism, continental socialism, and the ideas of Comte. He was a member of the House of Commons from 1865 to 1868, and participated in the social reform movement. After the publication of A System of Logic (2 volumes, 1843), a methodological treatise on science including the social sciences, he organized the classical economics system in his own way in Principles of Political Economy (48), during the reorganization of economics in the mid-19th century. He separated the laws of production from the laws of distribution, and argued that the former is an immutable principle throughout history and the latter can change with the progress of society. He introduced the distinction between statics and dynamics, discussed the future of the working class, and gave his own interpretation of the stationary state. He was influential for a considerable period of time. He is also known for introducing the concept of quality differences in pleasures in Utilitarianism (63). In political theory, he emphasized the importance of representative government and administrative decentralization. He also wrote many other books and articles, including On Liberty (59), Autobiography (73), and Chapters on Socialism (79). The University of Toronto has published the Collected Works of John Stuart Mill.

Mill
Mill, James

Born: April 6, 1773, North Waterbridge
[Died] June 23, 1836, London. British historian, economist, and philosopher. Father of J.S. Mill. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he worked as a critic in London, where he became acquainted with Bentham and Ricardo, and worked to popularize utilitarianism and Ricardo's theories. His publication of History of British India (3 volumes, 1817) led him to join the East India Company. His other works include Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (29), in which he defended the ideas of his friend Bentham from the standpoint of association psychology.

Mill
Mill, Hugh Robert

Born: May 28, 1861, Thurso
[Died] April 5, 1950, East Gainstead British geographer and meteorologist. Also an authority on oceanography and Antarctic exploration. He studied at the University of Edinburgh, receiving his doctorate in 1886 for his work on the chemistry of seawater. In 1892 he became librarian at the Royal Geographical Society, and devoted himself to the study of oceanography and Antarctic exploration. He presided over the British Rainfall Association from 1901 to 1919, and served as honorary secretary of the Royal Geographical Society from 1927 to 1931. His major works include The Realm of Nature (1891) and The English Lake (1895).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1806.5.20. ロンドン
[没]1873.5.8. アビニョン
イギリスの思想家，経済学者。 J.ミルの長男。父の厳格な教育を受けて育ち，10代から哲学的急進派の論客として活躍。 1823年ロンドンの東インド会社に入社，56年まで在職。 26年の精神的危機を転機として，それまでの狭義のベンサム主義から脱してドイツの人文主義や大陸の社会主義，コント思想などにも関心を寄せるようになる。 65～68年下院議員となり，社会改革運動にも参加。社会科学も含めた科学方法論書でもある『論理学大系』A System of Logic (2巻，1843) 公刊後，19世紀中葉の経済学の再編成期にあたり『経済学原理』 Principles of Political Economy (48) で古典派経済学の体系を独自の方法で整理し，生産法則と分配法則とを分離して，前者を歴史を貫く不変の原則とし，後者は社会進歩とともに変革しうると説き，静学と動学の区別を導入し，労働階級の将来を論じ，定常状態に独自の解釈を加えるなど，かなりの期間大きな影響力をもった。『功利説』 Utilitarianism (63) で快楽に質の差を導入したことでも著名。政治論では代議制と行政上の分権制の意義を強調した。ほかに『自由論』 On Liberty (59) ，遺稿『ミル自伝』 Autobiography (73) ，遺稿『社会主義論』 Chapters on Socialism (79) など著書，論文多数。トロント大学によりミルの『全集』 Collected Works of John Stuart Millが刊行されている。

ミル
Mill， James

[生]1773.4.6. ノースウォーターブリッジ
[没]1836.6.23. ロンドン
イギリスの歴史家，経済学者，哲学者。 J.S.ミルの父。エディンバラ大学卒業後，ロンドンで評論家として活動中，ベンサム，リカードと知合い，功利主義とリカードの学説の普及に努めた。『英領インド史』 History of British India (3巻，1817) が機縁となって東インド会社に入社。ほかに，友人ベンサムの思想を連想心理学の立場から擁護した『人間精神の現象分析』 Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (29) がある。

ミル
Mill， Hugh Robert

[生]1861.5.28. サーソ
[没]1950.4.5. イーストゲインステッド
イギリスの地理学者，気象学者。また海洋学，南極探検の権威者。エディンバラ大学に学び，1886年海水の化学的研究で学位を取得。 92年王立地理学会図書館司書となり，海洋学と南極探検の研究に専念。 1901～19年イギリス降雨協会を主宰，27～31年王立地理学会名誉事務局長をつとめた。主著に『自然の領域』 The Realm of Nature (1891) ，『イギリスの湖沼』 The English Lake (95) がある。

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