Writing - Kakikudashi

A form of samurai document. It is also called "shoka-bumi." In the Kamakura Shogunate, it referred to the hosho written by the writing magistrate, who was a yuhitsu (right-hand writer) belonging to the Hikitsukeshu (hiki-tsuke-shu), but it also referred to the direct letter-style documents used by samurai below the rank of shugo (military governor) during the Kamakura, Nanboku-cho, and Muromachi periods to give notices to those under their jurisdiction, such as land grants and assurances, military demands, execution, appointment, and summons. Therefore, the issuer appears on the document as the sender, and the document is generally written as "Yorote Jokudan no Gotoshi" or "Nojokudan no Gotoshi." From the Northern and Southern Courts period to the Muromachi period, the number of kakige documents increased as the shugo expanded their control over their territories, and later, when the Sengoku daimyo appeared, they began to issue this type of document, stamped with a kao (signature seal), in order to control their own territories. However, at the time, these were not generally called kakige documents, but "hanmotsu."

[Masaki Kubota]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

武家様文書の一形式。書下文(ぶみ)ともいう。鎌倉幕府では、引付衆(ひきつけしゅう)に属す右筆(ゆうひつ)である執筆奉行(しっぴつぶぎょう)の奉書をいうが、ついで鎌倉・南北朝・室町期に、守護以下の武士が、自己の管轄下に、所領給与・安堵(あんど)、軍勢催促、施行、補任(ぶにん)、召喚などの通達を行う際に用いた直状(じきじょう)形式の文書をさした。したがって、発給者が差出者として文書に姿をみせており、文書の書止めは「仍状如件(よってじょうくだんのごとし)」「―之状如件(のじょうくだんのごとし)」となるのが一般的である。南北朝期から室町期にかけて守護の領国支配権の拡大に伴って、書下が増加し、その後戦国大名が登場すると、戦国大名は分国支配のために花押(かおう)を捺(お)したこの種の文書を盛んに発給するようになった。しかし、当時一般にこれらは書下とはよばれずに「判物(はんもつ)」とよばれた。

［久保田昌希］

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