The spirit of the laws (English: The spirit of the laws)

Japanese: 法の精神 - ほうのせいしん(英語表記)De l'esprit des lois フランス語
The spirit of the laws (English: The spirit of the laws)

Montesquieu's major work, published in 1748. In this work, the author attempts to establish a positive science of social facts through the comparative study of "all the institutions accepted among men."

The society and history of every nation are nothing but the result of law (rules) as "necessary relations arising from the nature of things." Moreover, every particular law is connected with other laws and is subordinate to a more general law. "Law in general, in so far as it governs all the nations of the earth, is human reason." Each individual law must be a specific application of this reason, and must be closely related to the nature and principles of the government, the natural conditions of the land, the way of life, religion, dispositions, wealth, population, customs, habits, etc. of the nation. The sum of these relationships forms what is called the "spirit of law."

Among these, "the relationship between the law and the nature and principles of each political system" forms the basis of "The Spirit of the Laws." The nature of a political system is "its inherent structure," that is, the location and exercise of power. The latter is "the human passions that drive it," that is, "virtue" in a republic, "temperance" in an aristocracy, "honor" in a monarchy, and "fear" in an autocracy. The cause of the development and downfall of a nation is found in the balance and contradiction between the nature and principles of this political system. Other elements have an indirect influence through "the general spirit that derives from them." Therefore, each political system should have its own fundamental laws, and laws and systems that are appropriate for one nation are of little use to another. In this way, this book is a collection of objective and multifaceted evaluations and reform guidelines that Montesquieu gave to a wide variety of laws and systems based on the "Spirit of the Laws" as a social-historical law.

[Akihiro Sakai]

"The Great Ideas of the World 16: The Spirit of Law" (translated by Kunitaka Negishi, 1966, Kawade Shobo Shinsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

モンテスキューの主著。1748年刊。本書において、著者は「人間の間で受け入れられたあらゆる制度」の比較考察を通して、社会的事実の実証科学を創設しようとする。

 あらゆる民族の社会と歴史は「事物の本性に由来する必然的関係」としての法(則)の帰結にほかならない。またすべての個々の法律は他の法律と結合して、より一般的な法に従属する。「一般に法とは、それが地上のすべての民族を支配する限り、人間の理性である」。個々の法はこの理性の特殊な適用でなくてはならず、さらに政体の本性と原理、国土の自然条件、民族の生活様式、宗教、性向、富、人口、風俗、習慣などと密接な関係をもたなくてはならない。これらの関係の総体が、いわゆる『法の精神』を形成する。

 なかでも「法律がそれぞれの政体の本性および原理との間にもつ関係」が「法の精神」の基軸をなす。政体の本性とは「それに固有の構造」つまり権力の所在と行使である。後者は「それを動かす人間の情念」つまり共和制における「徳」、貴族制の「節制」、君主制の「名誉」、専制の「恐怖」である。国家の発展と滅亡の原因は、この政体の本性と原理との均衡と矛盾に求められる。他の諸要素は、「それらに由来する一般精神」を介して間接的に影響を及ぼす。したがって各政体はそれぞれに固有の基本法をもつはずであり、またある民族には適切な法律や制度も、他の民族にはほとんど無益である。このように本書は、モンテスキューが社会歴史法則としての「法の精神」に基づいて、多種多様な法律や制度に与えた客観的で多面的な評価と改革の指針との集成でもある。

[坂井昭宏]

『根岸国孝訳『世界の大思想16 法の精神』(1966・河出書房新社)』

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