Administrative Disciplinary Action

It refers to the actions of administrative agencies that are recognized by law to directly create rights and obligations for citizens or to determine the scope of those rights and obligations (Supreme Court rulings, February 24, 1955, Minshu Vol. 9, No. 2, p. 217; same Supreme Court ruling, October 29, 1964, Minshu Vol. 18, No. 8, p. 1809). Since such effects do not exist in private law, they are specially contested through appeal lawsuits (lawsuits to protest against the exercise of public power by administrative agencies). Therefore, administrative dispositions are a concept that defines the scope of actions that are subject to appeal lawsuits. Although originally synonymous with administrative actions in academic terms, the term administrative actions is not used in positive law, and terms such as taxation, expropriation, order, permission, authorization, license, patent, prohibition, and exemption are used, and the term administrative disposition is used as a general term for all of these.

However, unless an act falls under the category of administrative action, i.e. administrative disposition, in the above sense, it cannot be contested in an appeal lawsuit, and there is no way for the people to receive relief. On the other hand, from the perspective of expanding the window for appeal lawsuits and contributing to expanding relief for the people, even if the act does not fall under an administrative disposition, there are cases and theories that expand the concept of administrative disposition, and for example, the refusal of subsidies, the construction of a footbridge, notices, administrative guidance, and the official public announcement of an increase in medical fees by the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare are considered administrative dispositions, and there is fierce debate over this traditional position.

[Yasuhito Abe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

行政庁の行為のうち、その行為によって直接、国民の権利義務を形成しまたはその範囲を確定することが法律上認められているものをいう（最高裁判所判決昭和30.2.24民集9巻2号217ページ、同昭和39.10.29民集18巻8号1809ページ）。こうした効力は私法上みられないものであるので、特別に抗告訴訟（行政庁の公権力の行使に関する不服の訴訟）によって争うこととされている。したがって、行政処分は抗告訴訟の対象となる行為の範囲を画する観念である。もともとは講学上の行政行為と同義であるが、実定法上は行政行為という用語は用いられず、課税、収用、命令、許可、認可、免許、特許、禁止、免除などの用語が用いられ、これらを総括する用語として行政処分という用語が用いられる。

　しかし、前記の意味での行政行為＝行政処分にあたらなければ抗告訴訟で争うことができず、国民の救済の道がない。これに対し、行政処分にあたらなくとも、抗告訴訟の窓口を広げて、国民の救済の拡大に寄与するようにとの観点から、行政処分概念を拡張し、たとえば補助金支給拒否、歩道橋建設、通達、行政指導、厚生労働大臣による医療費値上げの職権告示などを行政処分とする判例・学説があり、伝統的な立場と激しい論争が交わされている。

［阿部泰隆］

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