A perennial plant of the Crassulaceae family (APG classification: Crassulaceae). Every spring, one or two flower stalks grow from a thin rhizome underground, reaching a height of 0.3 to 1 meter during flowering. The leaves are alternate or opposite at intervals on the flower stalk, elliptical-oval, 10 cm long, and pale yellow-green with a whitish tinge. From September to October, a hemispherical inflorescence of many small red flowers grows at the end of the flower stalk. The petals are elliptical-lanceolate, about 5 mm long. The anthers turn deep reddish purple just before dehiscence and are very conspicuous. The ovary is about 1 cm long. The flowers remain conspicuous even after withering, do not elongate or swell, and produce many tiny seeds that are dispersed by the wind. It grows in moist grasslands and light forest floors, and is distributed in central Honshu, Kyushu, and Chugoku. It was a prized horticultural plant until H. spectabile (Boreau) H.Ohba was introduced from China during the Meiji era, but is now rarely cultivated except in some mountainous regions. However, in Europe it is popular in horticulture under the name Sedum alboroseum Baker. There is also a species of Sedum with white spots along the midvein of the leaves. Wild Sedums are often confused with H. pallescens (Freyn) H.Ohba [ H. telephium (L.) H.Ohba], but in Japan, H. pallescens is only found in Hokkaido. Crassula crassa and related species are sometimes classified in the broad genus Sedum . This is why Crassula crassa is commonly called Sedum. However, the type species of the same genus, Sedum acre L., is closely related to Sedum sativum, so it is incorrect to give the name Sedum only to Crassula crassa. [Hideaki Ooba March 18, 2020] Cultural historyIt was introduced to Japan during the Heian period, and appears in Heian dictionaries such as "Shinsen Jikyo," "Honzo Wamyo," and "Wamyosho" under the name Iki (Shi) Kusa. The name "Kankeisou" means "living grass," and was given to the plant as a reference to Benkei's strength, as it has the ability to take root even if it is cut and left to dry. In the Edo period "Wajiga," it appears under the names "Kankeisou" and "Chidome," and an illustration of it first appeared in "Zouho Chikinsho" (1710) under the name "Genjisou." In China, it was already being cultivated in pots on rooftops in the 4th century. As its ancient Chinese names, Kaika (preventing fire) and Shinka (preventing fire), suggest, the succulent leaves of the plant, which are rich in moisture, were used as talismans to ward off fire. In the Shennong Benzao Jing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica), it is described as a medicinal plant that can be used to treat burns, lighten the body, and improve the eyesight. [Hiroshi Yuasa March 18, 2020] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ベンケイソウ科(APG分類:ベンケイソウ科)の多年草。毎春、地中のやせた根茎から、花期には高さ0.3~1メートルに達する花茎を1、2個出す。葉は花茎に間隔を置いて互生または対生し、長さ10センチメートルの楕円(だえん)状卵形で、白みを帯びた淡黄緑色。9~10月、花茎の先端に、紅色の小さな花を多数密生した半球形状の花序を出す。花弁は楕円状披針(ひしん)形で長さ約5ミリメートル。葯(やく)は裂開直前に濃い赤紫色になりよく目だつ。子房は長さ約1センチメートル。花が枯れても目だち、伸長したり肥大したりせず、多数の微小な種子がつくられ、風によって散布される。湿った草地や明るい林床に生え、本州中部と九州、および中国に分布する。 明治年間に中国からオオベンケイソウH. spectabile (Boreau) H.Ohbaが渡来するまでは園芸植物として重宝されたが、いまでは一部の山岳地域を除いてほとんど栽培されていない。しかし、ヨーロッパではSedum alboroseum Bakerの名前で園芸界に普及している。葉の中央脈に沿って白斑(はくはん)の入ったフイリベンケイもある。ベンケイソウの野生のものはムラサキベンケイソウH. pallescens (Freyn) H.Ohba〔H. telephium (L.) H.Ohba〕と混同されているが、ムラサキベンケイソウは日本では北海道のみに分布する。 ベンケイソウやその近縁種は、広義のセダム属Sedum(マンネングサ属)に分類されることもある。ベンケイソウのことを俗にセダムとよぶことがあるのはこのためである。しかし、同属の基準種オウシュウマンネングサS. acre L.はメノマンネングサに近縁であり、ベンケイソウだけにセダムの名を与えるのは正しくはない。 [大場秀章 2020年3月18日] 文化史平安時代に渡来し、『新撰字鏡(しんせんじきょう)』『本草和名(ほんぞうわみょう)』『和名抄(わみょうしょう)』などの平安の辞書には、伊岐(いき)(支)久佐(くさ)の名で載る。「生草(いきくさ)」の意味で、ベンケイソウの名も、手折って放置しても根づくほどの生命力を、弁慶の強さに見立ててつけられた。江戸時代の『和爾雅(わじが)』にはベンケイソウとチドメの名があり、『増補地錦抄(ちきんしょう)』(1710)にはげんじ草(源氏草)の名で図が初見する。 中国では4世紀、すでに鉢に植えて屋上で栽培されていた。これは中国の古名の戒火(かいか)、慎火(しんか)が示すように、水分の多い多肉質の葉をもつベンケイソウの葉を、火を防ぐ御守(おまも)りとしたのである。『神農本草経(しんのうほんぞうきょう)』では、やけどに用いたり、身を軽くし、目をよくするなどの薬用植物として扱われている。 [湯浅浩史 2020年3月18日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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