β decay - beta decay

Japanese: β崩壊 - べーたほうかい(英語表記)β decay
β decay - beta decay

A phenomenon in which an atomic nucleus changes into another atomic nucleus by emitting beta rays, i.e., electrons or positrons. This is a phenomenon in which a proton (p) or neutron (n) in an atomic nucleus changes into a neutron or proton by emitting a positron (e + ) or electron (e - ). At that time, another particle with almost zero mass and no charge, a neutrino, is released. In beta decay, the mass number does not change before and after the decay, but the atomic number, which represents the number of protons, increases or decreases by one. The formula for the beta decay process is n→p+e - + for electron emission, and p→n+e + +ν for positron emission. Here, ν (nu) represents a neutrino and its antiparticle. Electron capture, in which an atomic nucleus captures an electron orbiting an inner shell of an atom, is also a type of beta decay, and is expressed as e - +p→n+ν. The interaction that causes beta decay has an extremely small coupling constant, so it is called a weak interaction. Another feature of this interaction is that it is not invariant under spatial inversion and violates the law of parity conservation.

Free neutrons undergo beta decay with a half-life of 11.7 minutes, but beta decay of free protons is energetically prohibited. Many artificially created atomic nuclei turn into stable atomic nuclei via beta decay. An example of beta decay is shown in the figure for mass number A = 14. Beta decay is used to investigate the properties of the energy levels of atomic nuclei, and long-lived ones have a variety of applications as radioisotopes.

[Kiyomi Ikeda]

[References] | Atomic nucleus | Neutron | Electric charge | Electron | Neutrino | Parity | Half-life | Antiparticle | Proton | Positron | Radioisotope
β decay (diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

β decay (diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原子核がβ線すなわち電子または陽電子を放出して他の原子核に変化する現象。原子核の中の陽子(p)または中性子(n)が、陽電子(e+)または電子(e-)を放出して中性子または陽子に変化する現象である。その際、質量がほとんどゼロで電荷をもたないもう一つの粒子、中性微子(ニュートリノ)が放出される。β崩壊では、崩壊の前後で質量数は変化せず、陽子数を表す原子番号が一つ増加または減少する。β崩壊の過程を式で書くと、電子放出の場合はn→p+e-+で、陽電子放出の場合はp→n+e++νである。ここでν(ニュー)、は中性微子とその反粒子を表している。原子の内殻を回っている電子を原子核がとらえる電子捕獲もβ崩壊の一種で、e-+p→n+νと表される。β崩壊をおこす相互作用はきわめて小さい結合定数をもつため、弱い相互作用といわれる。この相互作用のもう一つの特徴は、空間反転に対して不変でなく、パリティ保存則を破っていることである。

 自由な中性子は半減期11.7分でβ崩壊をおこすが、自由な陽子のβ崩壊はエネルギー的に禁止される。人工的につくられた多くの原子核は、β崩壊を経由して安定な原子核へ変わっていく。β崩壊の例を質量数A=14の場合についてに示した。β崩壊は、原子核のエネルギー準位の性質を調べるのに用いられ、また長寿命のものは放射性同位元素(ラジオ・アイソトープ)として多様に応用されている。

[池田清美]

[参照項目] | 原子核 | 中性子 | 電荷 | 電子 | ニュートリノ | パリティ | 半減期 | 反粒子 | 陽子 | 陽電子 | ラジオ・アイソトープ
β崩壊〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

β崩壊〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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