Brittany - Bretagne

Japanese: ブルターニュ - ぶるたーにゅ(英語表記)Bretagne
Brittany - Bretagne

Historical region and old province name in northwestern France. Currently, it is used as the name of an administrative region including four departments: Côtes d'Armor, Finistère, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Morbihan. Its area is 27,208 square kilometers, with a population of 2,906,197 (1999). Its capital city is Rennes. In the old province name, it also includes the Loire-Atlantique department. English name: Brittany. Geologically, it is a hilly area with gentle undulations, made up of the Armorican mountain range. The skeleton of the region is the Brittany Peninsula, which protrudes into the Atlantic Ocean, and is elongated from east to west, with a length of 280 kilometers and a width of 180 kilometers. Surrounded by the ocean, it has a humid and warm climate. Agricultural production has been outstanding, and wheat has been the main crop, but as the emphasis has shifted to livestock farming (cattle, pigs, chickens), the cultivation of grains for feed (barley, corn) has also increased. Although fishing has not developed significantly, it is still active from the tip of the Brittany Peninsula to the southern coast, and the canning industry is also thriving. Due to the lack of underground resources and energy sources and the distance from the capital, industrial development has been delayed and depopulation has progressed. In recent years, the region has been trying to move away from being an underdeveloped region by improving its road network, promoting industrial sites, and modernizing agriculture. Brest, a city at the western end of the peninsula, is one of France's largest military ports, along with Toulon on the Mediterranean coast.

[Nobuo Takahashi]

history

The name of the region comes from Britannia, the home of the Celtic Britons who migrated to this area due to the oppression of the Anglo-Saxons. Therefore, the inhabitants are ethnically distinct from the French, with their own language and folk customs, and have achieved a unique historical development. Even after being completely integrated into France by the French Revolution, the independence movement continues.

At the end of the 5th century, the duchy was conquered by the Frankish king Clovis, but continued to rebel, and in 845 gained independence from Charles II of West Franks. After further repelling the Norman invasion, the duchy formed the Duchy of Brittany in 938. The duchy was divided into several counties, and under the nobility there were freemen, inalienable tenants, and a few serfs, but it gradually followed the path to French-style feudalism. Since Duchess Alix married the great-grandson of Louis VI of the Capetian dynasty in 1213, the duchy passed from Briton to French. After the War of Breton Succession, which was fought in a way that involved the Hundred Years' War, the reign of John V in the first half of the 15th century saw a period of peace, and textile industries such as rags and canvas, as well as salt production, brought wealth, and trade with the cities of the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, England, Spain, and other countries flourished. In the arts, too, the golden age of the Breton Gothic style emerged. However, in the second half of the 15th century, the duchy lost the battle against France, which was plotting to annex the duchy, and after Anne, the daughter of the last duke, Francis II, married Charles VIII of France (1488), the duchy formed a personal union with France, eventually being incorporated into the kingdom by Francis I (1532). The reign of Anne is said to be the heyday of Brittany, but even after its incorporation into the kingdom, Brittany was allowed to maintain a certain degree of autonomy, and it was not until 1688 that Brittany accepted the establishment of the post of Intendant (Prefect), a symbol of royal authority in the region.

In 1788, the year before the French Revolution, the crown took away the right of representation from the High Court in relation to the creation of new taxes, but the citizens of Rennes, who advocated the "Liberty of Brittany", responded with riots and forced the decree to be revoked. In 1789, Breton deputies based in the Breton Club issued a resolution on August 4th to buy back feudal privileges and proclaimed the Freedom of Brittany, showing great activity in the early stages of the revolution, but in the later stages they repeatedly staged violent counter-revolutionary riots in opposition to the religious policies of the National Convention.

[Tsukasa Ishihara]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランス北西部の歴史的地方名、旧州名。現在もコート・ダルモール、フィニステール、イル・エ・ビレーヌ、モルビアンの4県を含む範囲の行政地域の名称として用いられる。その面積は2万7208平方キロメートル、人口290万6197(1999)。中心都市はレンヌ。旧州名の場合にはロアール・アトランティク県をも包含する。英語名ブリタニーBrittany。地質的にはアルモリカン山系からなり、緩やかな起伏が広がる丘陵地である。当地方の骨格はブルターニュ半島からなり、大西洋に突出し、東西に細長く、長さ280キロメートル、幅180キロメートルに及ぶ。海洋に囲まれるため、湿潤温暖な気候である。農業生産が卓越し、小麦栽培を主体としてきたが、牧畜(ウシ、ブタ、ニワトリ)に比重が移行するにしたがい、飼料用の穀物(大麦、トウモロコシ)栽培も増加している。漁業は大きな発展はないが、ブルターニュ半島先端部から南岸にかけていまだ活発であり、缶詰工業も盛ん。地下資源、エネルギー源がないことと、首都から遠いために工業発展が遅れ、過疎化が進んだ。近年、道路網を整備し、工業立地を促進して、農業を近代化することによって低開発地域からの脱皮を図ろうとしている。半島西端の都市ブレストは、地中海岸のトゥーロンと並ぶフランス最大級の軍港都市である。

[高橋伸夫]

歴史

地名は、アングロ・サクソンの圧迫でこの地に移住したケルト系ブリトン人の居住地ブリタニアにちなむ。したがって住民はフランス人とは民族的に異なり、独自の言語・民俗を有し、歴史的にも特異な発展を遂げた。フランス革命によってフランスに完全に統合されたのちも独立運動が絶えない。

 5世紀末フランク王クロービスに征服されたが反抗を続け、845年西フランクのシャルル(カール)2世から独立的地位を獲得した。さらにノルマン人の侵入を退けたのち、938年ブルターニュ公国を形成した。公国はいくつかの伯領に分かれ、貴族の下に自由民、不可譲渡小作人、少数の農奴が存在したが、しだいにフランス風封建化への道をたどった。1213年公女アリクスがカペー王朝ルイ6世の曽孫(そうそん)と結婚して以来、公位はブリトン系からフランス系に移った。その後、百年戦争に巻き込まれる形で戦われたブルターニュ継承戦争を経て、15世紀前半のジャン5世の時代は平和が続き、ラシャ織、カンバスなどの織物業や製塩が富をもたらし、ハンザ同盟諸都市やオランダ、イギリス、スペインなどとの交易が盛んとなり、芸術面でもブルトン・ゴシック様式の黄金時代を現出した。しかし15世紀後半に至り、公国併合を策するフランスとの抗争に敗れ、最後の公フランソア2世の娘アンヌがフランス王シャルル8世と結婚(1488)して以来、公国はフランスと同君連合を形成し、フランソア1世による王国編入に至った(1532)。アンヌの時代がブルターニュとしての最盛期といわれるが、王国編入後もブルターニュはある程度の自治を認められ、地方における王権の象徴たるアンタンダン(地方総監)の設置をブルターニュが受け入れたのは1688年のことであった。

 フランス革命前年の1788年、王権は新税創設に伴い高等法院から建議権を取り上げたが、「ブルターニュの自由」を主張するレンヌ市民はこれに暴動でこたえ、この勅令を撤回させた。1789年ブルトン・クラブに拠(よ)ったブルターニュ議員は8月4日の封建特権買い戻し決議を出し、またブルターニュの自由を宣言するなど革命初期に活発な動きをみせたが、後期には国民公会の宗教政策に反発して激しい反革命暴動を繰り返した。

[石原 司]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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