A global, humanitarian fraternal organization that began in England in the early 18th century. Its origins lie in the medieval guilds of masons, who moved freely from town to town to work, and were allowed to stay at lodges (huts) in each place they visited by using a unique sign or password. In this way, the lodges gradually became their local branch organizations or local meeting places, and since they had functions similar to modern social security organizations, in the 17th century, when ordinary people other than masons were allowed to join as honorary members, their numbers rapidly increased, especially among intellectuals. Then, in 1717, four lodges in London formed a large lodge (headquarters), and in 1725 it further developed into a pan-England organization, and from there it spread to various parts of Europe and America during the 18th century. It was no longer an organization of masons alone, but an ideological organization mainly consisting of intellectuals and the middle class, which took the stance of liberalism, individualism, and rationalism based on a sense of global citizenship, and valued religious tolerance, playing a part in the Enlightenment. For this reason, Freemasons were fairly widely accepted in Germany, where enlightened despots ruled (Frederick II of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria are said to have been members), but in France, where the Catholic Church was powerful, they were persecuted as dangerous ideology, and were forced to become secret societies. Also, as a secret society, it is said to have orchestrated the French Revolution and other revolutions and political movements throughout 19th century Europe, and although it is true that many Jacobins during the French Revolution and Mazzini and Garibaldi during the Italian Unification Movement were members, it cannot be said that Freemasons provided them with political theories or principles of action, and the image of them as a dangerous conspiracy organization is fictional. Currently, there are several lodges (branches) in each country or region, which are organized into Grand Lodges (headquarters).The Grand Lodges are united while maintaining their independence, and their goals are to promote friendship and improvement among members, social charity and philanthropy, and through these, international goodwill and world peace. [Matsumura Takeshi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
18世紀初頭のイギリスから始まった世界主義的、人道主義的友愛団体。起源は中世のメーソン(石工)のギルドにあり、彼らは町から町にフリー(自由)に移動して働いたが、その際、独特のしるしや合いことばによって行く先々のロッジ(小屋)に宿泊を許された。こうして、ロッジはしだいに彼らの地方支部組織あるいは地方集会場になっていったが、それらは現在の社会保障団体のような機能を備えていたため、17世紀に石工以外の一般人も名誉会員として加入を認められると、知識人を中心に急速に数が増えた。そして、1717年ロンドンにあった四つのロッジが大ロッジ(本部)を形成し、25年にはさらに全イングランド的組織に発展して、そこから18世紀中にヨーロッパ各地やアメリカに広まった。それはもはや石工だけの組織ではなく、知識人や中産層を主体とする思想団体で、世界市民的な意識をもとに自由主義、個人主義、合理主義の立場にたち、宗教的には寛容を重んじて、啓蒙(けいもう)思想の一翼を担った。そのため、啓蒙専制君主の統治したドイツではかなり広く受け入れられた(プロイセンのフリードリヒ2世やオーストリアのヨーゼフ2世も会員であったといわれる)が、カトリック教会の強力なフランスなどでは危険思想として迫害され、秘密結社的にならざるをえなかった。また、秘密結社としてフランス革命や19世紀ヨーロッパ各地の革命や政治運動を画策したとされるが、フランス革命当時の多くのジャコバン党員やイタリア統一運動時のマッツィーニ、ガリバルディらが会員であったことは確かであるにせよ、フリーメーソンが彼らに政治理論や行動原則を提供したとはいえず、危険な陰謀団体というイメージは虚構である。 現在では国ないし地域ごとにいくつかのロッジ(支部)があり、それが大ロッジ(本部)にまとめられ、大ロッジどうしはそれぞれ独立を保ちつつ連合するという組織によって、会員相互の友愛と向上、社会的慈善と博愛、それらを通じての国際親善と世界平和を目的としている。 [松村 赳] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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