A general term for mites belonging to the family Tetranychidae, order Acarina, class Arthropoda. They are distributed worldwide, and many species are important agricultural pests. There are more than 50 species of spider mites in Japan. Many spider mites produce silk from the palps on the jaw body, and their English name comes from their silk-spinning behavior. The silk is used to disperse spider larvae by spinning silk (e.g., red spider mite, orange red spider mite). Conversely, it can act as a lifeline to prevent individuals from falling off the leaves of host plants (e.g., red spider mite, two-spotted spider mite). Body colors vary, including yellow, yellow-green, orange, brown, and red. Therefore, the former common name "red mite" is inappropriate. Adults are 0.2 to 0.5 mm long, females are ovoid or spherical, and males are thinner and smaller than females, with an inverted triangular shape. The pair of chelicerae of spider mites combine at the left and right bases to form an elliptical stylophores, from which movable digits resembling stylets protrude, adapted to absorbing plant fluids. They insert their stylets into plant leaves and stems to absorb cellular contents, leaving the affected area as white spots. They may also infest fruit. The life cycle of spider mites is egg → larva → first nymph → second nymph before becoming adults. Larvae have six legs, while first nymphs and later have eight. Many species develop quickly, with some species passing through more than 10 generations per year. The emergence of pesticide-resistant spider mites caused by repeated pesticide spraying is a global problem. For this reason, research has been conducted on biological control of spider mites using phytoseiid mites as natural enemies, or integrated control using pesticides and phytoseiid mites in combination. Important agricultural pests include the citrus red mite, the apple red mite, the Japanese cedar red mite, the Kanzawa spider mite, and the two-spotted spider mite. [Mori Fansu] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
節足動物門クモ形綱ダニ目ハダニ科Tetranychidaeに属するダニの総称。汎(はん)世界的に分布し、重要な農業害虫になっている種類が多い。日本産ハダニ類は50種以上に及ぶ。多くのハダニは、顎体(がくたい)部にある触肢から糸を出すが、英名はその吐糸行動に由来する。糸はクモの幼生の分散にみられる吐糸による分散に利用する(リンゴハダニ、ミカンハダニなど)。分散とは逆に、寄主植物の葉から個体の転落を防ぐ命綱の役目をすることがある(ミカンハダニ、ナミハダニなど)。体色は、黄色、黄緑色、橙(だいだい)色、褐色、赤色など多様である。したがって、かつての俗称「アカダニ」は不適当。体長は成虫0.2~0.5ミリメートル、雌は卵形または球形、雄は雌よりやせて小さく、逆三角形を呈する。ハダニの1対の鋏角(きょうかく)は左右の基部が合体して、楕円(だえん)形の担針(たんしん)体を形成し、ここから口針状の可動指が突出していて、植物体液を吸収するのに適応している。植物の葉、茎に口針を差し込み、細胞内容物を吸収するので、加害部は白い斑紋(はんもん)となって残る。果実を加害することもある。ハダニの生活環は、卵→幼虫→第1若虫(第1ニンフ)→第2若虫(第2ニンフ)を経て成虫になる。脚(あし)は幼虫では6本、第1若虫以降は8本になる。発育速度が速い種類が多く、年間10世代以上を経過する種類もある。繰り返される農薬散布が原因する薬剤抵抗性のハダニの出現が世界的に問題になっている。そのため、ハダニの防除に、天敵としてカブリダニ類を利用したハダニの生物的防除、あるいは農薬とカブリダニを併用した総合防除が研究されている。重要な農業害虫として、ミカンハダニ、リンゴハダニ、スギノハダニ、カンザワハダニ、ナミハダニなどがある。 [森 樊須] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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