Untouchables

Japanese: 不可触民 - ふかしょくみん
Untouchables

A general term for the discriminated groups (outcasts) of India. It is a translation of the English word untouchable, but today this usage is avoided and the term Scheduled Castes is more commonly used.

In Sanskrit, they are called asprisya. This is a negative a-combination of the word suprisya, and literally means those who should not be touched. The concept of a social class called asprisya is not found in the Manu Laws, which were written around the time of Christ, but first appears in the Vishnu Laws, which were written a little later. The Katyayana Laws, which are said to have been written between 400 and 600 AD, contain more detailed provisions on asprisya, so the idea of ​​lumping together discriminated groups as untouchables must have been established by that time. However, it is believed that the social class of untouchables was not fully formed until after the formation of medieval Indian society in the 7th and 8th centuries. During this period, settled agricultural societies expanded and village communities began to form, and many mountain tribesmen were absorbed into villages and began to engage in skinning dead animals, leatherworking, cleaning village areas, and so on. In the caste system that was formed at the same time during this process, many of them were considered untouchables. Well-known untouchable castes include the Chamars of North India, the Mahars of the Deccan Plateau, and the Paraiyans of South India. Untouchability continued essentially unchanged under British colonial rule, but in the 20th century, the untouchables themselves began their own liberation movement. The representative of this movement was the Mahar B.R. Ambedkar, who became chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee at the time of India's independence and had the abolition of untouchability clearly stated in the constitution. However, in protest against the continued discrimination, he converted to Buddhism along with hundreds of thousands of Mahars in 1956, the year of his death. They are now called neo-Buddhists.

[Otani Hiroyuki]

"Indian Society and New Buddhism - The Person and Thought of Ambedkar" by Yamazaki Genichi (1979, Tosui Shobo) " ▽ "India - Liberation Thought and Literature (5) The Eradication of Caste" by B.R. Ambedkar, translated by Yamazaki Genichi and Yoshimura Reiko (1994, Akashi Shoten)""India - Liberation Thought and Literature (6) The Desire to Liberation of the Untouchables" by M.K. Gandhi, translated by Morimoto Tatsuo et al. (1994, Akashi Shoten)""Study of the Cleaner Caste in India" by Shinoda Takashi (1995, Shunjusha)""The History of the Untouchables and the Caste System" by Kotani Hiroyuki (1996, Akashi Shoten)""The Untouchables of India - Their History and Present" edited by Kotani Hiroyuki (1997, Akashi Shoten)"

[References] | Ambedkar | Caste | Vishnu Purana | Manu Laws

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドの被差別民(賤民(せんみん))諸集団の総称。英語のアンタッチャブルの訳語であるが、今日ではその使用を避けて、指定カースト(Scheduled Castes)という呼称が多く用いられている。

 サンスクリット語ではアスプリシュヤという。これは可触民(スプリシュヤ)という語に否定辞アがついたもので、文字どおり触ってはならない者という意味である。アスプリシュヤという社会階層概念は紀元前後に成立した『マヌ法典』にはみられず、それより少し後の『ビシュヌ法典』に初めて現れる。紀元後400~600年の成立とされる『カーティヤーヤナ法典』には、アスプリシュヤに関するより詳細な規定がみられるから、このころには、被差別諸集団を一括して不可触民とする考え方が定着してきたのであろう。しかし、不可触民という社会階層が本格的に形成されたのは7、8世紀のインド中世社会形成期以降であると考えられる。この時代、定着農耕社会が拡大し、村落共同体が形成され始め、それに伴って、多くの山間部族民が村落に吸収され、死獣の皮剥(かわは)ぎ、皮革細工、村域の清掃などに従事するようになっていった。この過程で同時に形成されたカースト制度において、彼らの多くは不可触民とされたと考えられる。不可触民カーストとしてよく知られたものには、北インドのチャマール、デカン高原のマハール、南インドのパライヤンなどがある。不可触制はイギリス植民地支配下にも本質的には変わることなく続いたが、20世紀になると、不可触民自身の解放運動が始まった。それを代表するのはマハールのB・R・アンベードカルで、インド独立に際しては憲法起草委員会委員長に就任し、憲法に不可触制廃絶を明記させた。しかし、なおも続く差別に抗議して、1956年、その死の年には、数十万人のマハールたちとともに仏教に改宗した。彼らはいま、新仏教徒とよばれている。

[小谷汪之]

『山崎元一著『インド社会と新仏教――アンベードカルの人と思想』(1979・刀水書房)』『B・R・アンベードカル著、山崎元一・吉村玲子訳『インド――解放の思想と文学(5) カーストの絶滅』(1994・明石書店)』『M・K・ガンディー著、森本達雄ほか訳『インド――解放の思想と文学(6) 不可触民解放の悲願』(1994・明石書店)』『篠田隆著『インドの清掃人カースト研究』(1995・春秋社)』『小谷汪之著『不可触民とカースト制度の歴史』(1996・明石書店)』『小谷汪之編『インドの不可触民――その歴史と現在』(1997・明石書店)』

[参照項目] | アンベードカル | カースト | ビシュヌ・プラーナ | マヌ法典

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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