Cheondogyo (English spelling)

Japanese: 天道教 - てんどうきょう（英語表記）Ch'ǒndogyo

A religion that inherited Donghak from the late Yi Dynasty of Korea. After the failure of the Donghak Peasant War, the third head of Donghak, Son Byeong-hee, returned to Korea in 1903. During his exile, some of his followers, including Lee Yong-gu and Song Byeong-shun, had formed a pro-Japanese group called Iljinhoe, which had been used by the Japanese military during the Russo-Japanese War. He removed the group and renamed the secret society Donghak and legalized it as a religion. The following year, the "Daenhen" of Cheondogyo was distributed, and the group's influence rapidly expanded through the establishment of various schools, the publication of journals, and the promotion of local organizations. The March 1st Independence Movement of 1919 was a nationwide anti-Japanese uprising that combined the religious forces of Cheondogyo, Christianity, and Buddhism with school organizations, and Cheondogyo played a leading role in organization and finances. As the founder and many other leaders were promoters of the movement, they were imprisoned and the movement split into compromisers and anti-Japanese factions, weakening its influence. By 1928, 21 sects had emerged, including the new, old, united, Samurai Cheonkyo, Cheonbokkyo, and Daedokyo. In 1930, the unification movement began along with the new expansion of the religious influence, and after liberation in 1945, the religion was largely unified, with the Cheondogyo Blue Friendship Party formed as a powerful outer political party based on believers. However, as a result, it was checked by both Syngman Rhee and the Communist Party, and religious activities slumped, but in South Korea, following the military coup in 1961, it is being revived with the rise of nationalism.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

朝鮮，李朝末期の東学を継承した宗教。甲午農民戦争 (東学党の乱) の失敗後，日本に亡命していた第3代東学教主孫秉煕 (そんへいき) が，光武7 (1903) 年帰国，亡命中に李容九，宋秉しゅん (そうへいしゅん) ら教徒の一部が，日露戦争の間日本軍に利用され親日団体の一進会をつくっていたのを除去し，また秘密結社になっていた東学を改称し宗教として合法化したもの。翌年「天道教大憲」が頒布され，各種の学校の設立や機関誌の発行，地方組織化の推進などで勢力は急激に拡大した。 1919年の三・一独立運動は，天道教，キリスト教，仏教の宗教勢力と学校組織とが結合して全民族的な抗日蜂起となったが，なかでも，組織や財政面で天道教が主導的役割を果した。教主をはじめ多くの幹部が運動の推進者であったため，幹部は投獄され，妥協派と抗日派に分裂して勢力は衰えた。 28年までには新派，旧派，連合派，侍天教，天法教，大道教など 21の分派が生れた。 30年から新たな教勢拡張とともに統一運動が起り，45年解放以後はほぼ統一され，外郭に教徒を基盤とする強力な政党として天道教青友党が結成された。しかしそのため，李承晩と共産党の両方から牽制され，宗教活動も低調となったが，韓国では 61年の軍事クーデター以後，民族主義の高揚とともに復興されつつある。

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