Histone

Japanese: ヒストン - ひすとん(英語表記)histone
Histone

Histones are basic proteins that exist as a complex (nucleohistone) bound to the nuclear DNA of eukaryotic cells, and consist mainly of lysine and arginine amino acids. They are usually divided into five molecular species (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The primary structure (amino acid sequence) of histones varies very little between organisms, and their roles are almost the same in all eukaryotes, so it is thought that the primary structure has been strongly conserved. The mature sperm nuclei of some fish and birds contain protamines instead of histones, and are called nucleoprotamines.

Histones contain many basic amino acid residues, so they easily bind to DNA that has phosphate groups. Histones are used to fold up infinitely long DNA molecules and store them neatly inside the nucleus. A histone octamer consisting of two molecules each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, with DNA wrapped around it in a counterclockwise direction is called a core particle, and a core particle with one molecule of H1 bound to it is called a nucleosome. Long DNA is first organized into a string of nucleosomes, which are about one-tenth of the original length. This is then wound in a spiral shape to about one-quarter of the original length, and folded to form a structure called chromatin. During cell division, chromatin takes on a rod-like structure and becomes a chromosome (chromosome).

In addition, the side chains of amino acid residues at specific positions in each histone molecule are modified in various ways, such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. This causes changes in the structure of chromatin, and regulates the expression of genetic information. Such regulatory phenomena based on chemical modifications of histones occur after individual development and do not involve changes to the base sequence of genes. This is called epigenetic (meaning non-genetic) regulation. The various modifications made to histones bring about a type of information other than the genetic code, and are therefore called the histone code.

[Kenichi Kasai]

[References] | Protamine | Lysine

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

真核細胞の核内DNAと結合した複合体(ヌクレオヒストン)として存在する塩基性タンパク質で、構成アミノ酸としてはリジンおよびアルギニンが多い。通常、5種類の分子種(H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4)に分けられる。ヒストンの一次構造(アミノ酸配列)は生物種による違いが非常に少なく、どの真核生物でもその役割にはほとんど差がなく、一次構造が強く保存されてきたと考えられる。なお、ある種の魚類や鳥類の成熟精子核には、ヒストンのかわりにプロタミンが含まれ、ヌクレオプロタミンとよばれる。

 ヒストンには塩基性アミノ酸残基が多数含まれているので、リン酸基をもつDNAと結合しやすい。ヒストンは限りなく長いDNA分子をうまく畳み込んで核内にきっちりと収納するために使われている。ヒストンH2A,H2B,H3,H4が各2分子ずつ集合したヒストン八量体にDNAが左巻きに二回りしたものをコア粒子とよび、コア粒子にH1が1分子結合したものをヌクレオソームとよぶ。長いDNAはまず数珠(じゅず)つなぎになったヌクレオソームという形で、約10分の1の長さにまとめられる。それがさらに螺旋(らせん)状に巻かれて約4分の1の長さになり、それが折り畳まれてクロマチン(染色質)という構造をとっている。細胞分裂時にはクロマチンは棒状の構造をとり、クロモソーム(染色体)となる。

 また、ヒストン各分子中の特定の位置のアミノ酸残基の側鎖はアセチル化、メチル化、リン酸化など多様な修飾を受けている。これによってクロマチンの構造等に変化が生じ、遺伝子の情報発現が調節される。このようなヒストンの化学修飾に基づく調節現象は個体発生後に行われるもので、遺伝子の塩基配列の変更等を伴わない。エピジェネティック(遺伝子以外という意味)な調節といわれる。ヒストンに加えられた各種の修飾は、遺伝コードとは別のタイプの情報をもたらすので、ヒストンコードとよばれている。

[笠井献一]

[参照項目] | プロタミン | リジン

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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