A red giant star ejects its outer layer in the final stage of its evolution, and the gas ejected is ionized by ultraviolet light from the exposed, high-temperature core (white dwarf star), creating a glowing nebula. In the days when telescopes were not yet powerful, this nebula was named "white dwarf" because its high surface brightness and almost circular appearance resembled the appearance of a planet, but it has no relation to planets at all. A star that ejects its outer layer and evolves into a white dwarf star is found in the center of a planetary nebula, and is called the central star. When the ejected outer layer is dispersed into interstellar space, the planetary nebula disappears. The lifespan of a planetary nebula is about 1,000 to 100,000 years. In visible light, it shows an emission line spectrum with almost no continuum components, with the [OⅢ] λ (lambda) 5007 emission line and Hα (alpha) line being prominent. The outer layer of a red giant star is ejected slowly, not explosively, at a speed of about 10 kilometers per second. The ejected outer layer also contains a large amount of dust. High-resolution photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope show that planetary nebulae come in a wide variety of shapes. This indicates that the specific ejection process varies greatly from star to star, and that ejection occurs intermittently multiple times. In recent years, it has become possible to observe planetary nebulae in galaxies outside the Milky Way, and a method has been developed to calculate the distance of a galaxy from the luminosity function of a planetary nebula. [Okamura Sadanori] [Reference items] | | |The final stage of a red giant star, which will eventually become a planetary nebula ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan "> Protoplanetary nebula in Monoceros A planetary nebula in the constellation Vulpecula. NGC6853 (M27). The central part is constricted, making it look like an iron dumbbell. Infrared image taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope ©NASA/JPL-Caltech/Harvard-Smithsonian CfA "> Dumbbell Nebula A planetary nebula in the constellation Lyra. NGC6720 (M57). It is also called the Ring Nebula. Photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope © NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA "> Ring Nebula A planetary nebula in the constellation Ursa Major. NGC3587 (M97) ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan"> Owl Nebula Planetary nebula in the constellation Aquarius. NGC7293. Composite image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope and Kitt Peak National Observatory's 90 cm telescope ©NASA/STScI "> Spiral Nebula Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
赤色巨星が進化の最終段階で外層を噴出し、噴き出されたガスが、むき出しになった高温のコア(白色矮星(わいせい))からの紫外線で電離されて光る星雲。望遠鏡の性能がよくなかった時代には、面輝度が高く、ほぼ円形に見えるこの星雲の見かけのようすが、惑星の見え方に似ていたのでこの名前がつけられたが、惑星とはまったく関係のない天体である。外層を噴き出して白色矮星へと進化した星は惑星状星雲の中心に見られるので、中心星という。放出された外層が、星間空間に拡散してしまうと惑星状星雲は消滅する。惑星状星雲の寿命は、1000年から10万年程度である。可視光では、連続光成分のほとんどない輝線スペクトルを示し、[OⅢ]λ(ラムダ)5007輝線やHα(アルファ)線などが顕著に見える。赤色巨星の外層は、爆発的ではなく秒速10キロメートル程度の速度で緩やかに放出される。放出された外層には多量のダスト(塵(ちり))も含まれている。ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡で撮影された高分解能写真を見ると、惑星状星雲の形態は多種多様である。これは、具体的な放出過程は星によって千差万別で、間欠的に何度も放出されることを示している。近年は銀河系外の銀河の惑星状星雲の観測も可能になっており、惑星状星雲の光度関数から銀河の距離を求める方法が開拓されている。 [岡村定矩] [参照項目] | | |赤色巨星の最終段階で、やがて惑星状星雲となる©国立天文台"> いっかくじゅう座の原始惑星状星雲 こぎつね座にある惑星状星雲。NGC6853(M27)。中央部がくびれ、鉄亜鈴の形に見える。スピッツァ宇宙望遠鏡による赤外線画像©NASA/JPL-Caltech/Harvard-Smithsonian CfA"> 亜鈴星雲 こと座にある惑星状星雲。NGC6720(M57)。リング星雲ともよばれる。ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡により撮影©NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team STScI/AURA"> 環状星雲 おおぐま座にある惑星状星雲。NGC3587(M97)©国立天文台"> ふくろう星雲 みずがめ座にある惑星状星雲。NGC7293。ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡とキットピーク国立天文台の90cm望遠鏡による合成画像©NASA/STScI"> らせん状星雲 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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