Khalkha - Haruha (English spelling)

Japanese: ハルハ - はるは(英語表記)Khalkha
Khalkha - Haruha (English spelling)

The name of a Mongolian tribe and place. During the Qing Dynasty, it mainly referred to Outer Mongolia (almost the entire country of Mongolia). Khalkha was originally the name of a tribe that lived in eastern Mongolia, and is said to have been derived from the Khalkha River that flows nearby. In the second half of the 16th century, when the Oirats were driven out of Outer Mongolia, the Khalkha tribe's territory expanded throughout the country. In the first half of the 17th century, Khalkha was divided into four tribes based on their power, with the Jasakt Khanate and Altan Khanate in the west, and the Tushet Khanate and Chechen Khanate in the east. In the second half of the 17th century, a conflict arose between the Jasakt Khanate and the Tushet Khanate, which invited the intervention of Galdan of the Dzungar Kingdom to the west, and in 1691, Khalkha was annexed to the Qing Dynasty. After expelling the Galdan, the Qing dynasty organized the Khalkha into three divisions, the Jasakt Khanate, the Tushet Khanate, and the Chechen Khanate, and into 55 banners, but in 1725 separated the Sain Noyan tribe from the Tushet Khanate to form four divisions. The number of banners subsequently increased, reaching 86 during the Qianlong period (1736-95).

[Tetsuo Morikawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

モンゴルの部族名、また地名。清(しん)代にはおもに外モンゴル(モンゴル国のほぼ全域)をさした。ハルハとは、もとはモンゴリア東部に居住した部族の名称で、それは付近を流れるハルハ川に由来したものという。16世紀後半、オイラート部の勢力が外モンゴルから駆逐されると、ハルハ部の領域はその全体に広がった。ハルハは17世紀前半に勢力的に四分され、西にジャサクト・ハン部、アルタン・ハン国、東にトゥシェト・ハン部、チェチェン・ハン部があった。17世紀後半、ジャサクト・ハン部とトゥシェト・ハン部との間に紛争が起こると、その西にあったジュンガル王国のガルダンの介入を招き、1691年ハルハはあげて清朝に帰属した。ガルダンを駆逐したのち、清朝はハルハをジャサクト・ハン部、トゥシェト・ハン部、チェチェン・ハン部の3部、55旗に編成したが、1725年トゥシェト・ハン部からサイン・ノヤン部を分離させ4部とした。その後、旗の数は増加し、乾隆(けんりゅう)年間(1736~95)に86旗となった。

[森川哲雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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