Installment sales - installment selling

Japanese: 割賦販売 - かっぷはんばい(英語表記)installment selling
Installment sales - installment selling

A sales method in which the price of a product is divided into several installments. It is also called installment sales or installment sales. Payments made through installment sales are called installments, but when the product is handed over before the installment payment is complete, it is called advance payment, and when it is handed over after the payment is complete, it is called prepayment. For movable property, advance payment is the norm. Installment sales, along with credit sales, are an important method of retail sales financing, but they differ from credit sales in that the repayment of credit is scheduled in installments. Depending on the time unit of the installment payment, installment sales can be divided into annual, monthly, and weekly installments, but monthly installments are the most common in Japan. Products suitable for installment sales are considered to be durable, relatively expensive, mass-produced but unique, and mobile. Typical examples are durable consumer goods such as household electrical appliances, furniture, and cars, but real estate such as houses are also handled. There are two types of installment sales: direct installments, in which the buyer pays the installment directly to the seller, and indirect installments, in which the buyer pays the installment to a third party on behalf of the seller. The former is a special system implemented independently by installment specialty stores or retailers. The latter includes the affiliated system implemented by manufacturers' affiliated sales companies, the ticket system implemented by credit companies, and the loan system implemented by banks. The advantages of installment sales are that even low-income earners can obtain luxury goods, and that reducing costs through an increase in the number of customers creates the effect of lowering prices. On the other hand, the disadvantages include the fact that customers are forced to purchase goods at inflated prices that take into account interest and bad debts, and the risk of financial difficulties due to the pressure to pay installments.

[Mitsuo Morimoto]

Installment Sales Act

In Japan, the Installment Sales Law (Law No. 159 of 1961) was enacted in 1961 to deal with the widespread use of installment sales and the frequent troubles that accompanied them. Installment sales in this law refer to sales in which the purchase price is paid in three or more installments over a period of two months or more. The products covered are also designated by government ordinance, but most of the products included are durable and suitable for sale under standard conditions, such as cameras, household electrical appliances, automobiles, and clothing. Real estate is exempt from the Installment Sales Law.

The main contents of the original law were as follows: (1) installment sellers must clearly indicate the terms of sale, such as the cash sales price, installment sales price, payment period and number of payments, commission rate (effective annual rate), and delivery date (in the case of prepaid installment sales), before entering into a contract, (2) the seller must provide a written contract, (3) the written contract must clearly indicate that the buyer may cancel the contract unconditionally within four days from the date of the contract (cooling-off period system), (4) the ownership of the goods must be presumed to belong to the seller until all installments have been paid, and (5) sellers engaging in prepaid installment sales must obtain permission from the Minister of International Trade and Industry (currently the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry).

Subsequently, in response to changes in the state of transactions resulting from the expansion of consumer credit, the Act was significantly revised in 1984. The main changes included the inclusion of consumables in the designated goods, and the regulation of service goods, such as installment purchase brokerage transactions (a method in which a credit company pays the retailer in advance and purchases the credit against the purchaser). In addition, the cooling-off period was extended to seven days (extended again to eight days in 1988), and a restriction was added requiring a written notice of payment with a period of at least 20 days for contract termination in the event of non-payment.

[Mitsuo Morimoto]

The 2008 amendment (enforced in December 2009) revised the definition of installment payments to include "one-time or two-time payments over two months" as a regulated item, and eliminated the requirement to specify target products by government ordinance, making all products and services (excluding products that are not suitable for the cooling-off period) subject to regulation. It also introduced a registration system for credit card issuers and included supervisory provisions such as on-site inspections and improvement orders by the government. It also required credit card issuers to investigate the solicitation practices of affiliated stores (retailers) that conduct door-to-door sales, etc. In cases where false representations have been made or where more products or services than are normally required have been purchased (overselling), individual credit contracts can be terminated and claims for refunds of money already paid can be made.

In order to prevent the rapid increase in fraudulent credit card use, the 2016 amendment (to come into effect around spring 2018) requires credit card issuers to (1) disseminate IC payment terminals, which make it difficult to counterfeit cards, to affiliated stores nationwide, and (2) investigate whether affiliated stores are using customer card information maliciously. A registration system was introduced for card businesses that have contracts with affiliated stores, and Fintech companies, which combine finance and IT, can also receive this registration, clarifying the legal status of Fintech companies. The government has set a goal of introducing IC chip-compatible terminals to all affiliated stores by 2020, when the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held.

[Takeshi Yano May 19, 2017]

[References] | Cooling off period | Consumer credit | Credit sales | Fintech

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

商品の代金を何回かに分割して受け渡しする販売方式。割賦(わっぷ)販売、分割払い販売ともいう。割賦販売による支払金を割賦金というが、割賦金支払い完了前に商品を引き渡すものを先渡し式、支払い完了後に引き渡すものを前払い式という。動産では普通、先渡し式である。割賦販売は、掛売りとともに小売り販売金融の重要な方法であるが、信用の返済が分割額で予定される点で、掛売りとは異なる。割賦販売は、割賦金支払いの時間的単位によって、年賦、月賦、週賦などに分けられるが、日本では月賦がもっとも多い。割賦販売に適した商品は、耐久性のある、比較的高価な、量産されているが独自性のある、移動性のあるものとされている。家庭用電気器具、家具、自動車のような耐久消費財がその典型であるが、家屋のような不動産も扱われている。割賦販売には、購入者が販売者に直接割賦金を払い込む直接割賦と、販売者にかわる第三者に払い込む間接割賦とがある。前者は、割賦専門店や小売店が独自に行う特立て方式である。後者には、メーカーの関連販売会社などが行う系列方式、信販会社などによるチケット方式、銀行などによるローン方式がある。割賦販売の利点は、低所得者でも高級品が入手できること、顧客の拡大によるコスト引下げが価格引下げ効果を生み出すこと、などにある。その反面、欠点としては、金利や貸倒れを織り込んだ割高な金額で商品を買わされること、割賦金の支払いに追われて経済的に苦しくなる危険があること、などがあげられる。

[森本三男]

割賦販売法

日本では、割賦販売の普及とそれに伴うトラブルの多発に対応するため、1961年(昭和36)に割賦販売法(昭和36年法律第159号)が制定された。本法にいう割賦販売とは、2か月以上にわたり、かつ3回以上の代金分割払いをするものをいう。対象商品も政令で指定されているが、カメラ、家庭用電気器具、自動車、洋服など、耐久性があり定型的条件での販売に適したものはほとんど含まれている。なお、割賦販売法では、不動産は適用除外とされている。

 法律の当初の主内容は次のとおりであった。(1)割賦販売業者は契約前に、現金販売価格、割賦販売価格、代金支払い期間と回数、手数料の料率(実質年率)、商品引渡し時期(前払い式の場合)などの販売条件を明示すること、(2)業者は契約書面を交付すること、(3)同書面に、買い主が契約日から4日間は無条件で契約解除できる旨を明示すること(クーリング・オフ制度)、(4)商品の所有権は割賦金支払い完了まで業者にあると推定すること、(5)前払い式割賦販売を営む業者は通商産業大臣(現在の経済産業大臣)の許可を要すること、などである。

 その後、消費者信用の拡大に伴う取引実態に応じて、同法は1984年に大幅改正された。おもな改正点としては、指定商品に消耗品も含まれることになり、割賦購入あっせん取引(信販会社などが販売店に代金を立替払いし、購入者に対する債権を買い取る方式)などサービス商品をも含めて規制対象となったことがあげられる。またクーリング・オフ制度が7日間に延長され(1988年に8日間に再延長)、代金不払いの際の契約解除について、20日以上の期間を定めた書面による支払催告が必要との制限が加えられた。

[森本三男]

 2008年(平成20)の改正(2009年12月施行)では、割賦の定義を見直して「2か月を超える1回払い、2回払い」を規制対象に加え、従来の対象商品を政令で指定するのをやめ、原則すべての商品・サービス(クーリング・オフになじまない商品を除く)を規制対象とした。クレジットカード発行会社の登録制を導入し、行政による立ち入り検査や改善命令などの監督規定を盛り込んだ。クレジットカード発行会社には訪問販売などを行う加盟店(販売業者)の勧誘行為について調査を義務づけた。虚偽説明や、通常必要とされる量を超えた商品やサービスを購入した場合(過量販売)には、個別クレジット契約を解約し、すでに払ったお金の返還請求をできるようにした。

 急増するクレジットカードの不正利用を防ぐため、2016年の改正(施行は2018年春ごろ)では、クレジットカード発行会社に、(1)カード偽造がむずかしいIC決済端末を全国の加盟店に普及させる、(2)加盟店が顧客カード情報を悪質に使用していないかどうかを調査すること、などを義務づけた。加盟店と契約するカード事業者の登録制を導入し、金融とITを融合したフィンテックFintech企業もこの登録を受けられるようにして、フィンテック企業の法的位置づけを明確にした。政府はオリンピック・パラリンピック東京大会が開かれる2020年までに、すべての加盟店にICチップ対応端末を導入する目標を掲げている。

[矢野 武 2017年5月19日]

[参照項目] | クーリング・オフ | 消費者信用 | 信用販売 | フィンテック

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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