Mahan (English spelling)

Japanese: 馬韓 - ばかん（英語表記）Mahan

One of the Three Han in ancient South Korea. From the 1st to the mid-4th century, the Han people were divided into many small countries in the western part of South Korea, and were collectively called Mahan. According to the section on the Eastern Barbarians of Han in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the inhabitants of this region mainly engaged in agriculture, sericulture, and weaving. They were divided into more than 50 countries, with the larger countries consisting of more than 10,000 families and the smaller countries consisting of several thousand families, and it seems that they were in the stage of forming small states from tribal alliances. When the control of Lelang commandery weakened in the second half of the 2nd century, the Mahan countries advanced into Lelang commandery. During the Jian'an period of the Later Han Dynasty (around the beginning of the 3rd century), the Gongsun clan of Liaodong commandery founded Daifang commandery, and further dispatched troops to the Mahan region, suppressing its influence in the region. In 238, Emperor Ming of Wei defeated the Gongsun clan and attempted to directly govern the two commanderies of Lelang and Daifang, but was met with resistance from the Han countries, and was appeased by giving seals and clothing to more than 1,000 of their chiefs. In the middle of the 3rd century, the Mahan states attacked Daifang Commandery and killed its prefect, Kyūjun. Around the same time that Goguryeo destroyed Lelang Commandery in 313, Daifang Commandery also fell to the Han people, and the formation of the Mahan states progressed rapidly. In the first half of the 4th century, the Kingdom of Baekje was established, centered on Baekje, one of the Mahan states.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

古代南朝鮮の三韓の一つ。1～4世紀中頃，南朝鮮西部で多数の小国に分れていた韓族の一つを馬韓と総称した。『三国志』東夷伝韓の条によれば，この地方の住民は農耕を主とし，養蚕，織布を行い，五十余国に分れて，大国は一万余家，小国は数千家から成り，部落連合から小国家形成の段階にあったと思われる。2世紀後半に楽浪郡の支配が弱まると，馬韓諸国は楽浪郡内に進出した。後漢建安年代 (3世紀初め頃) に遼東郡の公孫氏が帯方郡を創設し，さらに馬韓地方に出兵し，この地方の勢力を押えた。 238年に魏の明帝は公孫氏を討ち，楽浪，帯方2郡の直接統治を試みたが，韓族諸国の抵抗にあい，その首長たち一千余人に印綬，衣さくを与えて懐柔した。3世紀なかば頃馬韓諸国は帯方郡を攻め，太守弓遵 (きゅうじゅん) を戦死させた。 313年高句麗が楽浪郡を滅ぼしたのと前後して帯方郡も韓族によって陥落し，馬韓諸国の国家形成が急速に進展した。4世紀前半，馬韓諸国の一つ，伯済を中心に百済国が成立した。

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