de Witte, E.

...Furthermore, the cutthroat free competition to attract an unspecified customer base inevitably led to a further specialization of painting subjects, giving rise to a large number of ``specialist painters'' who repeatedly painted very limited, specific subjects with skilled, realistic techniques. Representative painters in each field include Averkamp (winter landscapes), van Goyen (riverside scenes), Philips Koninck (views of the plains), Aert van der Neer (night scenes), Cuyp and Potter (pastoral scenes), Jan Both (c. 1618-52) and Nicolaes Berchem (1620-83) (Italian scenes), Jan van de Cappelle (1626-79) and van de Velde (seascapes), Adriaen van Ostade (1610-85) (peasant scenes), de Hooch and Gabriel (middle-class scenes), and others (middle-class scenes). Some of the great names who painted the most include Metsu (1629-67), Ter Borg, Steen, who painted entertaining moral paintings, Willem Claesz. Heda (1594-1680), who painted still lifes of snacks, Calff, who specialized in fruit and luxurious tableware, Melchior d'Hondecoeter (1636-95), who painted animals, Saenredam's church interiors, Emanuel de Witte (c. 1618-92), and van der Heyden, who painted cityscapes. Three particularly outstanding artists are Hals, who provided a brilliant solution to the problem of group portraits, which had been unique to the Netherlands since the 16th century, and dramatically enhanced the sense of realism of his models by emphasizing momentary moments; Vermeer, who brought a rare harmony between observation and clear order, and painted women in tranquil interiors in an eternal state; and Jacob van Ruisdael, who created magnificent landscapes imbued with pathos and poetry without compromising the true essence of nature; but even for these artists, the range of subjects they painted was by no means wide.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "de Witte, E." is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…さらに不特定の顧客を得るための過酷な自由競争は必然的に画題のいっそうの細分化を招き，きわめて限定された特定の主題を熟練した写実の技巧で繰り返し描く幾多の〈専門画家〉を生み出した。各分野の代表的画家としては，風景画では冬景色のアーフェルカンプ，川岸風景のファン･ホイエン，平原眺望のコーニンクPhilips Koninck(1619‐88)，夜景のファン･デル･ネールAert van der Neer(1603ころ‐77)，牧畜風景のカイプとポッテル，イタリア風景のボトJan Both(1618ころ‐52)とベルヘムNicolaes Berchem(1620‐83)，海景のファン･デ･カペレJan van de Cappelle(1626‐79)およびファン･デ･フェルデ，風俗画では農民画のファン･オスターデAdriaen van Ostade(1610‐85)，中流家庭の生活を扱ったデ･ホーホ，メツーGabriel Metsu(1629‐67)，テルボルフ，愉快な教訓画のステーン，静物画では軽食画のヘーダWillem Claesz.Heda(1594‐1680)，果物や豪奢な食器を得意としたカルフ，動物画ではドンデクーテルMelchior d’Hondecoeter(1636‐95)，建築画では教会内部のサーンレダム，デ･ウィッテEmanuel de Witte(1618ころ‐92)，街景のファン･デル･ヘイデンなどの名が挙げられる。16世紀以来オランダに特有の集団肖像画の課題にみごとな解決を与え，瞬間性の強調によってモデルの実在感を飛躍的に高めた肖像画家ハルス，観察と明晰な秩序に稀有の調和をもたらし，静謐な室内の女性の姿を永遠の相の下に描いたフェルメール，自然の本質を損ねることなくパトスと詩情を宿した壮大な風景画を創造したヤコプ･ファン･ロイスダールの3人は特に傑出した存在であるが，彼らにしてもその主題の範囲は決して広くはない。…

※「de Witte，E.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

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