Son of Heaven

Japanese: 天子 - てんし
Son of Heaven

One of the titles given to Chinese premodern rulers. It means a person who owns and governs the land and people as a son commanded by Heaven (the Supreme God, God). This concept was established during the Zhou dynasty, and as can be seen from historical documents in bronze inscriptions, the Zhou king also reigned under the authority of Heaven as the Son of Heaven. When the Qin Empire was established, this title was abandoned, and the title of emperor, a deified monarch who transcended Heaven, was invented and adopted by the First Emperor. During the Han dynasty, Confucian ideas were revived, and the title of Son of Heaven was revived as a legitimate title alongside Emperor. While "emperor" meant the only real ruler on earth, "son of heaven" was a title that functioned in relation to Heaven, and this title was used when worshiping the gods of heaven and earth, centered around God, and was also adopted when negotiating with foreign monarchs as one of those who received the mandate of Heaven. In addition, the relationship between Heaven and the monarch was institutionalized as a lord-vassal relationship, and therefore the title of Tenshi no longer implies a familial relationship such as "son of heaven." Such an institution and idea of ​​Tenshi was passed down to successive dynasties.

[Isamu Ogata]

[Reference] | Emperor

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、前近代の君主の称号の一つ。天(至上神、上帝)の命を受けた子として国土と民を保有し、治める者の意。この観念が成立したのは周代であり、金文史料からも確認できるとおり、周王はまた天子として天の権威のもとに君臨した。秦(しん)帝国が成立すると、この号は捨てられ、これを超越する神格化された君主としての皇帝の称号が始皇帝によって創案採用された。漢代になると儒家の思想が息を吹き返し、皇帝と並ぶ正号として天子の号が復活した。「皇帝」が地上における唯一の現実的支配者を意味したのに対し、「天子」は天との関係において機能する称号であり、この号は、上帝を中心とする天地の神々を祀(まつ)る場合に用いられ、また天命を受けた者(の1人)として、外国の君主との交渉のときに採用された。また、天と君主との間は君臣関係として制度化されており、したがって天子の号は「天の子」という家族主義的関係を、すでに意味していない。こうした天子の制度と思想とは、以降の歴代の王朝に受け継がれていく。

[尾形 勇]

[参照項目] | 皇帝

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