The leader of the Islamic community (umma). It means "leader" or "guide" in Arabic, and is used in three main ways. The first is used for the leader during congregational prayer (salat), the second is used as an honorific for great scholars and religious leaders such as Imam Shafi'i, and the third is used to refer to the political or religious head of the Islamic community. Here we will discuss the third meaning. During the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad, there was naturally no debate about who would be the leader with the highest authority in the community. However, after the death of the Prophet, it became an urgent issue for the community, and the influential members of the early community selected the Prophet's successor as head (caliph) through elections and recommendations from his predecessor. However, this only took effect when all members of the community, and in fact the influential members themselves, swore allegiance to the selected caliph. After the Umayyad dynasty, the system of succession became hereditary in practice, but in theory, the method of selecting the head based on the consensus of the community became a Sunni tradition. In the Sunni sect, the Imam as head does not have religious authority, but is positioned as an enforcer of the holy law, and discussions on his qualifications and powers developed into the Caliphate theory. In Shiite Islam, the Imam holds great importance. The position of Imam is passed down from generation to generation only to the descendants of Prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatima and his cousin and son-in-law Ali, by appointment based on the divine will of the predecessor. Unlike prophets, Imams do not bring about Sharia (sacred law) based on God's revelation, but they pass on the esoteric wisdom behind the sacred law from generation to generation, and their words and deeds backed by it are an unassailable authority for Shiite Muslims. Imams are mediators between God and man, and man cannot know God directly, but can only know God through an Imam, and without an Imam, man cannot know God's will and live in accordance with it. Imams are infallible, which is incompatible with the Sunni view of the Imam (caliph) based on the consensus of humans who may make mistakes. It recognizes a series of Imams, with the last Imam being the "Hidden Imam," who did not die but continued to exist invisible to ordinary people, and who will return to this world in the future as the Savior (Mahdi) to restore fairness and justice. Depending on who is recognized as an Imam and how, Shiites are further divided into the Twelver Imam, the Seven Imam (Ismaili), the Zaydi, and others. [Shigeru Kamata] [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イスラム共同体(ウンマ)の指導者。アラビア語で「先導者」「指導者」の意味で、大きく分けて三つの場合に用いられる。第一は集団で礼拝(サラート)をする際の導師に、第二は、イマーム・シャーフィイーのように、偉大な学者、宗教的指導者に対する敬称として、第三はイスラム共同体の政治的あるいは宗教的な首長の意味で用いられる。ここでは第三の意味について述べる。 預言者ムハンマド(マホメット)の在世中は当然、共同体の最高権威をもつ指導者についての論議はおこらなかった。しかし預言者が没するや、それは共同体の緊急な課題となり、初期の共同体の有力者たちは選挙、前任者による推薦によって、首長たる預言者の後継者(カリフ)を定めた。しかしこれは最終的に共同体構成員全体が、そして実際にはその有力者たちが、選ばれたカリフに忠誠を誓うことで初めて効力をもった。ウマイヤ朝以降実際には世襲制となってしまうが、理念的にはこの共同体の合意に基づいて首長を決めるという方式がスンニー派の伝統となった。スンニー派では、首長としてのイマームは宗教的権威はもたず、聖法の執行者と位置づけられ、その資格や権能についての議論がカリフ論として展開された。 シーア派ではイマームはきわめて重要な意義をもつ。イマーム位は預言者ムハンマドの娘ファーティマと彼の従兄弟(いとこ)かつ女婿(じょせい)のアリーとの子孫にのみ、前任者の神意に基づく指名によって代々伝えられる。預言者と違い、イマームは神の啓示に基づくシャリーア(聖法)をもたらすことはないが、聖法の背後の秘教的知恵を代々伝承し、それに裏打ちされた言行はシーア派ムスリムにとって犯しがたい権威である。イマームは神と人の仲保者であり、人は神を直接知ることはできず、イマームを通してのみ神を知り得、イマームなしには人は神の意志を知り、それに従って生きることもできない。イマームは無謬(むびゅう)であり、誤りを犯す可能性のある人間の合意に基づくスンニー派のイマーム(カリフ)観とは相いれない。一連のイマームを認め、その最後のイマームが「隠れイマーム」として、死んだのではなく、普通の人には見えない姿で存在し続け、将来この世に救世主(マフディー)として再臨し、公正と正義を回復するというメシア思想が結合している。だれをどのようにイマームと認めるかで、シーア派はさらに十二イマーム派、七(しち)イマーム派(イスマーイール派)、ザイド派などに分かれる。 [鎌田 繁] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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