Slave - Dorei (English spelling) slave

Japanese: 奴隷 - どれい（英語表記）slave

A human being who does not have personal rights or freedom, who is forced to work unpaid under the control of a master, and who is a commodity that can be bought, sold, and transferred as a "speaking tool." Slaves were used not only for domestic work, but also as workers in mines, industry, agriculture, and commerce. Female slaves worked in brothels and were in the bedrooms of ancient rulers. Sources of slavery include capture or violence in war, punishment for crime or default on debt, sale by parents, guardians, or tribal chiefs, and birth to slave parents. Slaves typically appeared in the ancient Orient, ancient Greece and Rome, and colonial North and South America. Ancient Chinese and Japanese slaves also fell into this category, but they differed in some respects from European slaves in that they were able to marry and were allowed to have a certain amount of private property. In Western Asia and Islamic societies, a type of slave existed, resulting from trade or capture during war, but they were treated relatively gently and were often freed (āzād). In the Middle Ages, serfs and tenant farmers were distinguished from slaves in that they possessed individual rights and a minimum of self-management.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

人格としての権利と自由をもたず，主人の支配下で強制・無償労働を行い，また商品として売買，譲渡の対象とされる「もの言う道具」としての人間のこと。奴隷は家事労働だけでなく，鉱山，工業，農業，商業の労働者としても使用され，女奴隷は売春宿の要員となり，古代権力者の閨房にもいた。奴隷の発生源としては，戦争などによる捕獲あるいは暴力によって連行されたり，そのほか犯罪，債務不履行の懲罰，両親，保護者，部族の首長による売却，奴隷の両親からの出生などがあげられる。古代オリエントや古代ギリシア・ローマ，および植民地時代の南北アメリカなどで典型的に現れた。中国や日本の古代の奴婢もこれにあたるが，ヨーロッパの奴隷と一部の点で性質を異にし，結婚は可能であり，ある程度の私有財産を持つことは許された。西アジア，イスラム社会においても，売買や戦役による捕虜などによって，一種の奴隷が存在したが，その取扱いは比較的穏やかで，しばしば解放 (アーザード āzād) がみられた。また結婚や若干の私有財産も認められた。中世の社会での農奴や地主制度下の小作人などは個人の権利と最小限の自己経営を保有する点で，奴隷とは区別される。

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