Council of Trent; Concilium Tridentinum

Japanese: トリエント公会議 - トリエントこうかいぎ(英語表記)Council of Trent; Concilium Tridentinum
Council of Trent; Concilium Tridentinum
A religious council held in Trent, a town in South Tyrol, Italy, from 1545 to 1563 during the Reformation. According to the Catholic Church (→Catholic), this 19th ecumenical council reformed the Catholic Church and strengthened its doctrines in order to overcome the crisis of the Reformation. First period: 1545-47. It recognized the Nicene Creed as the basis of faith, acknowledged the authority of the Vulgate Bible, and confirmed the orthodox doctrine of original sin. It gave bishops the authority to supervise preachers (→sermons) and required them to reside in their assigned territories. It made an important resolution that justification is the result of the cooperation of the human will and God's help, that humans have the potential for merit, and that humans are sanctified internally through grace. It then discussed the sacraments (→sacraments), but due to the intensification of the Schmalkaldic War, the venue was moved to Bologna and was eventually suspended. Second period: 1551-52. It was held again in Trent by Pope Julius III. The existence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist was asserted, and resolutions were made on the sacraments of confession and extreme unction. Representatives of Protestantism from Germany joined the congress, but the conflict continued and the congress ran into a deadlock, and was suspended due to the recurrence of civil war in Germany. Third period, 1562-63. Convened by Pope Pius IV, mainly targeting French Calvinism. It resolved the second period's assertions on the sacrament of the Eucharist (→ Eucharistic Controversy), and said that the Mass is of the same essence as the sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross, and is performed both for the dead and to honor the saints. A French delegation joined the congress, and the congress faced a crisis over the issue of the settlement of bishops, but the new papal nuncio, Morone, demonstrated his skill and managed to resolve the situation. Morone also achieved a resolution for church reform, which established cardinals, the appointment and duties of bishops, the holding of diocesan and provincial councils, the duty of bishops to visit, and the duty of preaching. In 1564, Pope Pius IV approved a resolution to reform the church, and in order to make it effective, he decided to establish a Council of Cardinals, disseminate the resolutions, publish the Roman Catholic Catechism, and publish a revised Vulgate Bible.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
宗教改革期の 1545~63年にイタリアの南チロルの町トリエントで開かれた宗教会議。カトリック教会(→カトリック)によれば,第19回公会議で,宗教改革の危機を克服するためカトリック教会を改革するとともに教義の強化をはかった。第1期,1545~47年。ニカイア・コンスタンチノープル信条を信仰の基礎と認め,ウルガタ訳聖書の権威を認め,原罪についての正統教義を確認。説教師(→説教)に対する監督権を司教に与え,司教には任地定住を課した。義認については人間の意志と神の助力との協力によるものであり,人間の側には功徳の可能性があり,しかも恩恵によって内的に聖化されるという重要な決議がなされた。次いで秘跡(→サクラメント)が討議されたが,シュマルカルデン戦争の激化によりボローニャに会場を移し,やがて中断した。第2期,1551~52年。ユリウス3世によって再度トリエントで開催。聖体にイエス・キリストが実在することが主張され,告解の秘跡や終油の秘跡に関する決議などがなされた。ドイツからプロテスタント(→プロテスタント教会)の代表が加わり,対立したまま暗礁に乗り上げ,ドイツにおける内乱の再発により中断。第3期,1562~63年。主としてフランスのカルバン主義を対象としてピウス4世が招集。第2期の聖体の秘跡に関する主張を決議し(→聖餐論争),ミサはイエス・キリストの十字架上の犠牲と本質を同じくし,死者のためにも聖者をたたえるためにもなされるとした。フランスの代表団が加わり,司教定住問題などをめぐって危機に直面したが,新しい教皇使節モローネが手腕を発揮して事態を収拾した。モローネはさらに,枢機卿(→カーディナル),司教の任命と職務,教区会議と管区会議の開催,司教の巡察,説教の義務などを定めた教会改革の決議を達成した。1564年ピウス4世が教会改革決議を承認し,それを実効性あるものとするために,枢機卿会議の設置,決議文の普及,ローマ・カトリックのカテキズムの出版,改訂版ウルガタ訳聖書の出版などを決めた。

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