Ionization chamber - denribako

Japanese: 電離箱 - でんりばこ
Ionization chamber - denribako

A device that measures the intensity, dose, and energy of radiation by collecting electrons and ions generated by ionization when radiation passes through a material. Argon gas or organic gases are used as ionization materials, but boron trifluoride is used for neutrons, etc. A semiconductor detector that measures energy with high resolution is also a type of ionization chamber that uses a semiconductor as the ionization material. A DC voltage is applied between two opposing flat or concentric cylindrical electrodes to collect ionized ions and electrons at the electrodes. Since the energy lost by radiation through ionization and the total charge of the ions produced are generally proportional, the radiation dose and energy are measured by the electrical signal extracted from the electrodes. There are two measurement methods: the traditional method of measuring the amount of radiation detected per unit time by measuring the current, and the method of measuring the voltage change ΔV of the anode by grounding it through a resistor R as shown in the figure .

There are two ways to measure the voltage change: a dosimeter method that uses an electrometer to measure the amount of ionization over a certain period of time, and a pulse amplifier and counter are connected to the ionization chamber to measure the radiation in pulses one by one. In pulse measurement, not only are the counts counted, but the energy distribution of the radiation is also measured by the magnitude of the pulse. In some flat electrode ionization chambers, a grid electrode is inserted between the two electrodes to prevent the pulse magnitude from being affected by the location of ionization.

They are used to measure the intensity of particle beams around radiation monitors and radiation generating devices, and those with built-in Lauritzen voltage detectors are in widespread use as pocket radiation dosimeters. In particle physics experiments, ionization chambers filled with liquid argon have been used to measure particle beam trajectories and energies since around 1980.

[Ikegami Hidetane]

Principle of ionization chamber (Diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Principle of ionization chamber (Diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

放射線が物質中を通過するときの電離作用で発生する電子とイオンを集めることにより、放射線の強度や線量またエネルギーを測定する装置。電離物質としてアルゴンガスや有機ガスが用いられるが、中性子などには三フッ化ボロンを使用する。高分解能でエネルギーを測定する半導体検出器も電離物質として半導体を用いた電離箱の一種である。向かい合わせた2枚の平板または同心円筒の電極の間に直流電圧をかけて電離イオンや電子を電極に集める。放射線が電離で失うエネルギーと生成イオンの電荷総量とは一般に比例関係にあるので、電極から取り出された電気的信号によって放射線の線量やエネルギーが測定される。測定法としては、電流を測定して単位時間当りの検出放射線量を求める古くからの方法と、のように陽極を抵抗Rを通して接地し陽極の電圧変化ΔVを測定する方法とがある。

 電圧変化の測定では、電位計によって一定時間中の電離の量を計る線量計方式と、電離箱にパルス増幅器と計数器を接続して放射線を一個ごとにパルス的に計測する場合とがある。パルス計測では計数だけではなく、パルスの大きさによって放射線のエネルギー分布も測定される。平板電極型の電離箱では、パルスの大きさが電離場所によって影響されるのを防ぐために、グリッド電極を二つの電極の間に挿入するものもある。

 放射線監視器や放射線発生機器周辺の粒子線強度測定に使用され、とくにローリッツェン検電器を内蔵したものは放射線ポケット線量計として一般に普及している。素粒子の実験では1980年前後から液体アルゴン封入の電離箱が、粒子線軌跡やエネルギー測定に利用されている。

[池上栄胤]

電離箱の原理〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

電離箱の原理〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Palace calendar - Denryaku

>>:  Ionization theory

Recommend

Robert Emmet Sherwood

American playwright. Born in New York. He dropped...

Commentary on the Sutra of the Emperor

A collection of classics from the Qing Dynasty in ...

Udegeitsy

...Population: 1900 (1989). Russians call them Ud...

Carpe diem - Carpe diem

…However, in the case of Western Europe, the ethi...

Streptopus amplexifolius (English spelling)

…[Tetsuichi Yahara]. … *Some of the terminology t...

Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island...

Battle of Oto

This battle was started in September 1400 (Oei 7) ...

Hara Miki

Poet and novelist. Born in Hiroshima on November ...

mercatus

…The German word Messe, meaning market, is derive...

Saga Nishiki

A type of hand-woven fabric invented and created ...

The three major classes

The 18th century physiocratic philosopher Francis ...

Savinkov

Russian revolutionary and writer. He initially app...

Library of Alexandria

One of the great libraries of classical antiquity,...

Mori clan

It began when Suemitsu, the fourth son of Oe Hiro...

Mizobe [town] - Mizobe

A former town in Aira County, central Kagoshima Pr...