A silicon diode that can keep the terminal voltage almost constant even if the diode current changes. It is also called a constant voltage diode. Normally, even if a voltage is applied in the reverse direction, the resistance of the diode is high and no current flows. However, if the voltage is increased, the current, which barely flows up to a certain voltage, increases rapidly once the voltage is exceeded, and the voltage remains almost constant. This current increase is only a temporary loss of the diode's current blocking ability, and it returns to normal when the voltage drops. In other words, since the blocking ability is only temporarily lost, it is called a breakdown phenomenon. The Zener diode actively uses this breakdown phenomenon, and this phenomenon is due to two types of effects: the tunnel effect and the avalanche effect. For operating voltages of 6 volts or less, the sudden increase in current occurs mainly due to the quantum mechanical tunnel effect, and for operating voltages above that, the avalanche effect is the main cause of the sudden increase in current. This phenomenon was explained in 1930 by the American physicist Clarence Melvin Zener (1905-1993), and so it came to be called a Zener diode. This diode uses a silicon pn junction made by the alloy method or the thermal diffusion method of impurities, and is used to stabilize power supply voltages, generate reference voltages, etc. It also has the effect of suppressing external pulse noise below a certain level, so it is often used to protect integrated circuits, etc. [Masatoshi Mitaka] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ダイオード電流が変わっても、端子電圧をほぼ一定に保つことのできるシリコン(ケイ素)ダイオード。定電圧ダイオードともいう。ダイオードは通常逆方向に電圧を加えても、抵抗が高くて電流は流れない。しかし、この電圧をあげていくと、ある電圧までほとんど流れなかった電流が、その電圧を越えると急増し、しかもその電圧はほぼ一定に保たれる。この電流の急増は、一時的にダイオードが電流阻止能力を失っただけで、電圧が下がれば元に戻る。すなわち一時的に阻止能力が失われるにすぎないので、降伏現象とよばれる。この降伏現象を積極的に利用したのがツェナーダイオードで、この現象はトンネル効果となだれ効果の2種類の効果によっている。動作電圧6ボルト以下のものは主として量子力学的トンネル効果により、それ以上の動作電圧のものは主としてなだれ効果によって電流の急増が起こる。この現象は1930年にアメリカの物理学者ツェナーClarence Melvin Zener(1905―1993)によって説明されたので、ツェナーダイオードとよばれるようになった。このダイオードは、合金法や不純物の熱拡散法でつくったシリコンpn接合によっており、電源電圧の安定化、基準電圧の発生などに用いられている。また、外部からのパルス状雑音を一定値以下に抑える作用があるので、集積回路などの保護にも多用されている。 [右高正俊] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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