A type of heat engine that burns fuel in a gas (mostly air) that has oxidizing properties and acts as a working fluid, and converts the high-temperature, high-pressure combustion gas into mechanical energy by acting on a cylinder and piston or turbine. Reciprocating internal combustion engines that burn fuel in a cylinder include gasoline engines, diesel engines, gas engines, and oil engines, while engines that burn fuel in a combustor include gas turbines, jet engines, and rocket engines. Intermediate internal combustion engines include free piston engines, which burn fuel in a free piston engine and convert it into mechanical energy in a gas turbine, and compound engines that mechanically combine a reciprocating internal combustion engine with an exhaust turbine. There are two types of fuel used: gas and liquid. For liquid fuel, engines are broadly divided into those that vaporize the fuel in a carburetor and supply it, and those that inject it directly into the combustion chamber. Ignition is broadly divided into those that use an electric spark for reciprocating engines, and those that ignite spontaneously with the high temperature of compressed air. Reciprocating engines are classified into two types of operating system: four-stroke and two-stroke. In gas turbines and other engines that use continuous combustion, ignition is only performed at start-up, and then a flame-holding device is used to continuously ignite the fuel. [Masatake Yoshida] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
酸化能力をもち作動流体となる気体(ほとんどが空気)の中で燃料を燃焼させ、高温・高圧となった燃焼ガスをシリンダーとピストン、またはタービンに作用させ機械的エネルギーに継続して変換する熱機関の一種。シリンダー内で燃焼させる往復動内燃機関としては、ガソリンエンジン、ディーゼルエンジン、ガスエンジン、石油エンジンなどがあり、燃焼器で燃焼させる機関としてガスタービン、ジェットエンジン、ロケットエンジンなどがある。また中間的な内燃機関として、フリーピストン機関で燃焼させガスタービンで機械エネルギーに変換するフリーピストンエンジン、往復動内燃機関と排気タービンを機械的に結合した複合機関などがある。 使用燃料は気体、液体の2種がある。液体燃料では、気化器で気化させ供給する機関と、直接燃焼室に噴射される機関に大別される。点火は、往復動型では電気火花で点火するか、圧縮された空気の高温で自発点火するものに大別される。作動方式は往復動型では四行程式と二行程式がある。なお連続燃焼するガスタービンなどでは、始動時だけ点火し、あとは火炎保持装置で連続的に点火する。 [吉田正武] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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