Talmud (Hebrew)

Japanese: タルムード - たるむーど(英語表記)Talmud ヘブライ語
Talmud (Hebrew)

It is a compilation of the Mishnah, the oral law of Judaism, and its commentary, the Gemara, and is considered to be the second most authoritative book for Jews after the Torah. The Talmud covers all aspects of life, so it has always been the basis of Jewish life for those who have left their homeland.

The Mishnah was compiled by Rabbi Judah around 200 AD, selecting and systematizing the teachings of early legal scholars. It consists of six parts: the Book of Seeds (agricultural law), the Book of Sacred Assemblies, the Book of Women (marriage law), the Book of Damages (civil law, criminal law), the Book of Sanctity (ritual law), and the Book of Sanctity. The Mishnah later became the basic material for legal studies in both Palestine and Babylonia, and eventually gave rise to a large number of commentaries (Gemara). These were compiled separately, becoming the Palestinian Talmud (around 400) and the Babylonian Talmud (around 500). Although both use the same Mishnah as their basic material, the Gemara reflect the social, economic, and cultural differences between Palestine and Babylonia. In particular, the Babylonian Jewish community was economically well-off and culturally superior to other communities, so the Babylonian Talmud that they produced had great authority and influence on all Jews as the basis of their lives and faith. The Mishnah is written in Hebrew and the Gemara in Aramaic.

[Koichiro Ishikawa]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ユダヤ教の口伝律法「ミシュナ」と、これに対する注釈「ゲマラ」を集大成したもので、ユダヤ人にとり「モーセ五書」(トーラー)に次ぐ権威をもつものとされる。タルムードは生活上あらゆる問題を網羅して論じているので、祖国を離れたユダヤ人はつねにこれを生活のよりどころとしてきた。

 ミシュナは紀元200年ごろラビ・ユダによって初期律法学者の教説を選別、体系化して編集された。これは種子篇(へん)(農業法)、聖会篇、婦女篇(婚姻法)、損害篇(民法、刑法)、聖物篇(祭儀法)、聖潔篇の六部からなる。その後ミシュナはパレスチナとバビロニアの両地で律法研究の基本資料となり、やがて膨大な注釈(ゲマラ)を生んだ。これは別々に編纂(へんさん)され、パレスチナ・タルムード(400ころ)とバビロニア・タルムード(500ころ)となった。両者はともに同じミシュナを基本資料としているが、パレスチナとバビロニアの社会的、経済的、そして文化的差異がゲマラに反映している。とくにバビロニアのユダヤ人コミュニティは経済的に恵まれ、他のコミュニティに比べて文化的にひときわ卓越していたため、彼らの生み出したバビロニア・タルムードは、生活、信仰の基礎としてユダヤ人全体に大きな権威と影響力をもつことになった。なお、ミシュナにはヘブライ語、ゲマラにはアラム語が用いられている。

[石川耕一郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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