Counterpoint (English spelling)

Japanese: 対位法 - たいいほう(英語表記)counterpoint 英語
Counterpoint (English spelling)

A term for Western music composition techniques. It comes from the Latin punctus contra punctum, which means "point against point" or "note against note." Except for monophony, music can be broadly divided into homophony, which emphasizes vertical fusion of sounds, and polyphony, which emphasizes horizontal fusion. The former technique is called harmony, and the latter technique is called counterpoint. In counterpoint, two or more melodies are combined polyphonically without compromising the melodic independence of each voice. Counterpoint can be broadly divided into two types: "linear counterpoint" (linearer Kontrapunkt) (German), which emphasizes the element of melody, the temporal composition of sounds, and "harmonischer Kontrapunkt" (harmonischer Kontrapunkt) (German), which respects functional harmonic laws while maintaining the melodic independence of each voice, but the latter also has the same ultimate objective of connecting sounds horizontally.

The technique of counterpoint, which began to germinate as organum around the end of the 9th century, was already developed in the 13th century through the Notre Dame school. It was established as an independent theory of polyphony writing during the Ars Nova period in the 14th century, and reached its zenith in the motets, madrigals, and masses of 16th-century composers such as Palestrina, Lassus, and W. Bard. The counterpoint that reached its peak with Palestrina and others was all linear counterpoint based on church modes. One of the most important theoretical works on this type of counterpoint is Gradus ad Parnassum by Johann Joseph Fux (1660-1741), which still influences counterpoint teaching today.

From the end of the Renaissance to the 17th century, as music gradually began to have a sense of tonality, counterpoint was also influenced by it and began to take into account the vertical sequence of sounds (harmony). Thus harmonic counterpoint was established and reached its peak in J.S. Bach. Bach's mastery of this new form of counterpoint is evident in all his works, but his mastery can be seen especially in "The Art of Fugue," "Inventions for Two Parts," "Sinfonia (Inventions for Three Parts)," and "The Well-Tempered Clavier." Johann Philipp Kirnberger (1721-1783) wrote a theoretical treatise on harmonic counterpoint that rivals the theoretical treatise on linear counterpoint mentioned above by Fux. Between the mid-18th century and the end of the 19th century, during the Viennese Classical and Romantic periods when homophony based on functional harmony was in its heyday, counterpoint naturally faded into obscurity.

However, towards the end of the 19th century, counterpoint textbooks based on the Bach style were published again by Ernst Friedrich Eduard Richter (1808-1879), Salomon Jadassohn (1831-1902), Karl Wilhelm Julius Hugo Riemann (1849-1919), and others. Meanwhile, at the start of the 20th century, a tendency emerged to dismantle the tonal system, as represented by twelve-tone music, and as a result, linear counterpoint, which is not bound by functional harmony, was revived.

Counterpoint is generally defined as a piece of music in which a new voice called a countermelody or contrapuntal melody is added to a main melody called a plain melody (often at the beginning of a phrase). When there is one countermelody, it is called a two-voice counterpoint, when there are two, it is called a three-voice counterpoint, and so on up to an eight-voice counterpoint. A counterpoint created in this way is called "strict counterpoint" if it strictly meets the conditions stated in Fux's theoretical book, and "free counterpoint" if it does not follow Fux's rules, as in the works of Bach. A counterpoint that allows for an alternation between voices is called "double counterpoint" or "inversion counterpoint", and one that does not is called "simple counterpoint".

[Toshiaki Kurosaka]

"Music Lectures: Counterpoint" by Kan'ichi Shimousa (1951, Ongaku No Tomosha)" "Counterpoint: Commentary and Problems" by Shuzo Ishiguro (1969, Zen-On Music Publishers)

[Reference] | Cantus Melody | Polyphony

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

西洋音楽の作曲技法用語。「点対点」すなわち「音符対音符」を意味するpunctus contra punctum(ラテン語)に由来する。単旋律の場合を除けば、音楽は音の垂直的融合を重視するホモフォニーと水平的融合を重視するポリフォニーに大別されるが、前者の技法を和声法、後者の技法を対位法とよぶ。対位法では、二つ以上の旋律が各声部の旋律的独立性を損なうことなく複音楽的に組み合わされる。対位法は、大別して、音の継時的構成である旋律の要素がとくに重視される「線的対位法」linearer Kontrapunkt(ドイツ語)と、各声部が旋律的独立性を保ちながら機能的な和声的法則も尊重される「和声的対位法」harmonischer Kontrapunkt(ドイツ語)の2種に分類されるが、後者もその究極的な対象が音の横のつながりであることに変わりはない。

 9世紀末ごろよりオルガヌムとして芽ばえた対位法の技法は、ノートル・ダム楽派を通じ13世紀にはすでに展開されている。そして14世紀のアルス・ノバの時代には独立的な多声部書法の理論として確立され、16世紀の作曲家パレストリーナ、ラッスス、W・バードなどのモテットやマドリガルやミサ曲に至って、その最盛期を迎える。パレストリーナらを頂点とする対位法はすべて教会旋法を基礎に置く線的対位法である。この種の対位法に関する理論書のなかでもっとも重要なものの一つにフックスJohann Joseph Fux(1660―1741)の著した『グラドゥス・アド・パルナッスム』Gradus ad Parnassumがあり、これはいまなお対位法教程に影響を与えている。

 ルネサンス末期から17世紀にかけて、音楽が徐々に調性感をもち始めると、対位法もまたその影響を受けて、音の縦の連なり(和声法)を考慮に入れるようになる。こうして和声対位法は成立し、J・S・バッハにおいてその頂点が築かれるに至る。バッハがこの新しい形の対位法にいかに精通していたかは、彼のどの作品をみても明らかであるが、とりわけ『フーガの技法』『二声のインベンション』『シンフォニア(三声のインベンション)』『平均律クラビーア曲集』において、その熟達ぶりを知ることができる。この和声対位法に関しては、キルンベルガーJohann Philipp Kirnberger(1721―1783)が理論書を著し、先にあげた線的対位法に関するフックスの理論書と双璧(そうへき)をなしている。18世紀中ごろから19世紀末ごろの間、すなわち機能和声に基づいたホモフォニー全盛のウィーン古典派とロマン派の時代にあっては、対位法はおのずと影を潜めていた。

 しかし19世紀の末ごろ、ふたたびバッハ様式に基づいた対位法の教本が、リヒターErnst Friedrich Eduard Richter(1808―1879)、ヤーダスゾーンSalomon Jadassohn(1831―1902)、リーマンKarl Wilhelm Julius Hugo Riemann(1849―1919)らによって出版された。一方、20世紀に入ると、十二音音楽などに代表されるように調性体系を解体しようとする傾向が現れた結果、機能和声にとらわれない線的対位法が復活した。

 対位法は一般に、定旋律とよばれる主要旋律(多くの場合フレーズの冒頭にある)に対して、対旋律あるいは対位旋律とよばれる新たな声部が加えられた楽曲のことをいう。この対旋律が一つの場合は二声対位法、二つの場合は三声対位法といい、以下八声対位法まである。こうしてつくられる対位法は、フックスの理論書に述べられた条件を厳正に満たす場合「厳正対位法」とよばれ、バッハの作品のようにフックスの規則に従っていなければ「自由対位法」とよばれる。また、声部間の交替が可能な対位法は「二重対位法」あるいは「転回対位法」といい、不可能なものは「単純対位法」という。

[黒坂俊昭]

『下総皖一著『音楽講座 対位法』(1951・音楽之友社)』『石黒脩三著『対位法――解説と課題』(1969・全音楽譜出版社)』

[参照項目] | 定旋律 | ポリフォニー

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Daewon-kun

>>:  Subrogation - Daiibensai

Recommend

Sei Ito

Poet, novelist, and critic. His real name was Hit...

Dannemann, Friedrich

Born: December 28, 1859 in Bremen [Died] 1936 Germ...

Aquamarine - Aquamarine (English spelling)

The name of a type of beryl that is sea-blue and ...

Argentan lace (English)

…At that time, Tenerife, a Canary Island off the ...

Taurotragus derbianus (English spelling) Taurotragusderbianus

…[Yoshiharu Imaizumi]. … From [Antelope] …[Tadaak...

Antonius (of Padua)

1195‐1231 A saint and Doctor of the Church who die...

Lychnissenno coronaria (English spelling) Lychnissennocoronaria

…[Eiji Miki] [Munemin Yanagi]. … *Some of the ter...

Kanto Three Provinces

…Another name is Guan Zuo. The area east of Shanh...

Forehead - Calyx

〘Noun〙① Forehead. Front frame. ② A painting or cal...

Official Room - Goyoubeya

Generally, it refers to the office (workroom) in ...

distribution of prime number

...Next, we will discuss some topics in analytica...

Public-Private Harmony - Kanminchowa

…During this time, from the time he wrote “Outlin...

postganglionic neuron

…That is, at least one other autonomic neuron is ...

Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd.

A steel company that is one of the core companies ...

Primary vascular bundle - Fig

…The arrangement of xylem and phloem varies among...