Weather warning - weather alert

Japanese: 気象警報 - きしょうけいほう
Weather warning - weather alert

The Meteorological Services Act (Act No. 165 of 1952) defines a forecast as an announcement of a prediction of a phenomenon based on the results of observation, and a warning as a forecast that warns of the possibility of a major disaster. The Enforcement Order of the same act stipulates that meteorological warnings are warnings for storms, blizzards, heavy rain, heavy snow, etc. In addition to these four, the Japan Meteorological Agency also issues storm surge warnings, wave warnings, and flood warnings. These warnings may be issued individually, or two or more types may be issued simultaneously, such as a storm and storm surge warning.

Weather warnings are preceded by a headline warning message, which briefly describes when, where, and what kind of phenomenon will occur. This headline warning message is expressed in 48 characters or less. If the weather conditions change suddenly and an emergency warning is required, only this headline warning message is issued and the main message is omitted.

For wind, there is a rough standard that warnings are issued when the average wind speed is expected to exceed 20 meters per second. However, because the relationship between wind and disasters varies by region, standard wind speed values ​​for which warnings should be issued are set for each forecast area.

For other elements such as rain, snow, and high tides, standard values ​​are also set for each forecast region. If the meteorological office in charge of each forecast region predicts that a phenomenon will exceed the standard value, it will immediately issue a warning.

Weather advisories are also a type of forecast, and are issued when there is a risk of a disaster occurring. The standard value is set lower than that of a warning (for example, in the case of wind, the average wind speed is generally over 10 meters per second). These include windstorms, strong winds, heavy rain, heavy snow, high tides, high waves, and floods. Warnings are not issued for dense fog, dryness, lightning, avalanches, and frost, but advisories are issued.

The Japan Meteorological Agency also issues tsunami warnings. Tsunamis are not classified as weather warnings because they are not caused by weather but by earthquakes.

[Kazuo Hiratsuka]

[Reference] | Weather Report

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

気象業務法(昭和27年法律165号)では、観測の成果に基づく現象の予想の発表を予報といい、重大な災害の起こるおそれのある旨を警告して行う予報を警報というとされている。そして同法施行令で、気象警報とは暴風雨、暴風雪、大雨、大雪などに関する警報である、と定められている。気象庁では、この四つのほかに、高潮警報、波浪警報、洪水警報なども行っている。これらの警報は、単独で行われることもあるし、暴風・高潮警報というように2種以上が同時に行われることもある。

 気象に関する警報には、見出し的警告文が本文に前置され、「いつ」「どこで」「どんな現象があるか」が簡潔に示される。この見出し的警告文は、48文字以内で表現される。気象の状態が急激に変化して緊急に警報を行う必要がある場合には、この見出し的警告文のみが発表され、本文が略される。

 風の場合、平均風速が毎秒20メートルを超えると予想されたときに警報を行うという、おおまかな基準がある。しかし、風と災害の関係には地域差があるため、予報区ごとに警報を行うべき風速の基準の値が定められている。

 雨、雪、高潮などのその他の要素についても、それぞれについて予報区ごとに基準の値が定められている。各予報区担当気象官署は、現象が基準の値を超えると予想した場合には、ただちに警報を行う。

 なお、気象に関しての注意報も予報の一つであり、災害が起こるおそれがある場合に、その旨を注意して行う。その基準の値は、警報よりも低く定められている(たとえば、風の場合は平均風速がおおむね毎秒10メートル以上)。風雪、強風、大雨、大雪、高潮、波浪、洪水などがある。濃霧、乾燥、雷、雪崩(なだれ)、霜などについては、警報は行われないが、注意報は行われる。

 また別に、気象庁の行う警報には津波警報がある。津波は、気象が起因となる現象ではなく、地震に伴うものであるので、気象警報という分類には含まれない。

[平塚和夫]

[参照項目] | 気象通報

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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