The name given to the intellectuals who were active in Greece from the mid-5th century BC to the 4th century BC. Many of them were from local city-states, and traveled around Athens and other city-states, making a living by teaching various specialized knowledge, mainly on rhetoric. Famous figures include Protagoras of Abdera, Gorgias of Leontini, Prodicus of Ceos, and Hippias of Elis. In democratic Athens, excellence in debate in parliament and in court signified success in politics, that is, as a citizen. The Sophists responded to the demands of the times, teaching the children of wealthy families public speaking and debate skills in exchange for large fees. Their lectures covered not only the art of rhetoric but also substantive thought such as law, morality, and civilization. The appeal of their thorough speech captivated intelligent young people, but they soon came to be seen by conservative citizens as radical and dangerous thinkers. One of the reasons for Socrates' suffering was that he was confused with the Sophists and incurred the resentment of the citizens. Among the ideas of the Sophists, Protagoras' "The Human Measure" can be seen as an expression of anthropocentrism, subjectivism, and relativism, Gorgias' "Theory of Non-Being" as a theory that denies knowledge, Thrasymachus' theory that "justice is the interest of the strong," and Antiphon and Hippias' theory of the separation of law (nomos) and nature (physis) can be seen as challenges to law and morality. On the other hand, however, it can be said that ideas such as Gorgias' rhetoric and Prodicus's use of synonyms, which in themselves merely provided a means of speech, became linked with the ambitions and desires of the Athenian citizens. The philosopher Plato wrote a series of works named after the Sophists, confronting these ideas and exposing their falsity for the sake of Socrates and the truth. The Sophists claimed to teach the way to be the most effective and powerful person in speech and action, and to work for the good of the individual and the state, but what they actually taught was a way to make people think they were superior even if they were ignorant of the good, and a technique to incite the masses and win against their opponents, regardless of the truth or falsehood, right or wrong. Thus, the word "sophist" came to mean a follower of sophism, and was also called the school of sophists. However, looking at the other side of the situation, it can also be said that the philosophy of Socrates and Plato was born from the frightening logic of the Sophists, and in that sense their significance in the history of philosophy is often reevaluated. [Tanaka Takahide] "Fragments of Early Greek Philosophers" edited and translated by Mitsuo Yamamoto (1958, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Sophists" by Michitaro Tanaka (Kodansha Academic Library) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
紀元前5世紀なかばごろから前4世紀にかけてギリシアで活躍した知識人たちの呼び名。多くは地方ポリス(都市国家)の出身者で、アテネほかのポリスを巡り、弁論術を中心にさまざまの専門的知識を教授することを職業とした。アブデラのプロタゴラス、レオンティノイのゴルギアス、ケオスのプロディコス、エリスのヒッピアスらが有名である。 民主政のアテネでは、議会や法廷での弁論に優れていることが、政界での、つまり市民としての成功を意味した。ソフィストたちは時代の要求にこたえ、多額の謝礼と引き換えに富家の子弟に演説や論争の技術を授けた。講義は作文修辞の法のみならず、法律道徳論、文明論などの実質的思想にも及んだ。彼らが徹底的な形で示した言論の魅力は知的な青年たちをとりこにしたが、やがて保守的市民から過激な危険思想家と目されるようになる。ソクラテスの受難も、ソフィストと混同されて市民の反感を買ったことが一因であった。 ソフィストの思想のうち、プロタゴラスの「人間尺度命題」は人間中心主義、主観主義、相対主義の表明とみられ、ゴルギアスの「非存在の論」は知識否定論として、またトラシュマコスの「正義とは強者の利益なり」という説や、アンティフォン、ヒッピアスらの法(ノモス)と自然(ピュシス)の分離論は法や道徳に対する挑戦とみなすことができる。しかし他面では、ゴルギアスの修辞学やプロディコスの類義語用法のように、それ自体としては単に言論の手段を提供するにすぎなかったものが、アテネ市民の野心や欲望と結び付いて、このような思想になったともいえよう。 哲学者プラトンはソフィストたちの名を冠した一連の作品を著し、ソクラテスと真理のために、これらの思想と対決しその虚偽を暴いた。個人と国家のために善を図り言論と行為とにもっとも有能有力な者となる道を教授するというのがソフィストたちの自称であったが、彼らが実際に教えたものは、善について無知でありながら優れた人間であると思わせる方法であり、事の真偽や正邪を問わず、ただ大衆を扇動して論敵に勝つための技術であった。 ソフィストの語はこうして、詭弁(きべん)の徒を意味することとなり詭弁学派ともいわれた。ただし、事態の裏面をみるならば、ソクラテスとプラトンの哲学はソフィストたちの恐るべき論理から生まれたとも考えられ、その意味で彼らの哲学史上の意義がしばしば再評価される。 [田中享英] 『山本光雄編・訳『初期ギリシア哲学者断片集』(1958・岩波書店)』▽『田中美知太郎著『ソフィスト』(講談社学術文庫)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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